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Variations in the viral hepatitis C prevalence and treatment status by material hardship and cumulative risk among people who inject drugs.

Sid S Ganesh·Daniel R Trigo·Rebecca P Smeltzer·Cassandra Ward·Gilbert A Orta Portillo·Karina Dominguez Gonzalez·Srehith Sannareddy·Bradley T Conner·Ricky N Bluthenthal
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Abstract

People who inject drugs (PWID) are disproportionately impacted by viral hepatitis C (HCV). Among PWID, homelessness, poverty, and material insecurity elevate infectious disease risk. We hypothesized a positive association between material hardship (difficulty accessing basic needs) and lifetime diagnosis of HCV, and a negative association between cumulative risk (material hardship and years since first injection) and HCV treatment. From 2021-22, we conducted a survey among community-recruited PWID that included items on HCV outcomes, material hardship (a sum score of usually (4) to never (1) having difficulty finding food, clothing, shelter, restrooms, and showers in the past 3 months), and years since injection drug use initiation. We developed a latent variable, cumulative risk, by combining individual scores of material hardship indicators and years since first injection drug use. Among our sample of PWID (n = 471), 246 (53%) participants reported lifetime HCV diagnosis and 27% of those who tested positive for HCV reported ever or current treatment (n = 67). In modified-Poisson regression, a one-unit increase in material hardship score was associated with a 3% (OR: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01%, 1.05%) increase in odds of HCV diagnosis. In latent modeling, among PWID testing positive for HCV, a one-unit increase in cumulative risk score was associated with a 0.28 (OR: -0.28, 95% CI: -0.50, -0.06), decrease in the Z-score odds of receiving HCV treatment. Findings emphasize structural interventions to strengthen material security and co-delivering basic needs with health services to improve HCV-related outcomes among PWID.

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HCVHarm reductionImmiserationMaterial hardshipPeople who inject drugsJournal Article

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Sid S Ganesh, Daniel R Trigo, Rebecca P Smeltzer, Cassandra Ward, Gilbert A Orta Portillo, Karina Dominguez Gonzalez, Srehith Sannareddy, Bradley T Conner, Ricky N Bluthenthal. 2026-08-13. Variations in the viral hepatitis C prevalence and treatment status by material hardship and cumulative risk among people who inject drugs.. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dadr.2026.100468

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