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The role of transposable elements-endogenous retroviruses in embryonic development and regeneration.

Ziyan Li·Yixin Huang·Zhenyu Ju·Rongrong Le·Zhiyang Chen
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Abstract

Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are dynamically regulated across the lifespan and can function as context-dependent components of host gene-regulatory networks. During embryonic development, selected ERV-derived elements are co-opted to support zygotic genome activation, lineage specification, and placental development. In adult tissues, ERV-derived sequences can contribute to tissue and immune homeostasis, whereas potentially disruptive ERV activity is constrained by epigenetic mechanisms. During regeneration and somatic cell reprogramming, ERV and broader transposable-element programs undergo transient, locus-specific remodeling. In aging, the weakening of epigenetic and nuclear restraint can promote aberrant ERV derepression, inflammation, and functional decline. This review summarizes the diverse roles of ERVs across these contexts and discusses the challenges of defining locus-specific functions, resolving repetitive sequences, and developing safe ERV-targeted interventions.

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Endogenous RetrovirusesAnimalsDNA Transposable ElementsHumansRegenerationEmbryonic DevelopmentEpigenesis, GeneticGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalCellular ReprogrammingJournal ArticleReview

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Ziyan Li, Yixin Huang, Zhenyu Ju, Rongrong Le, Zhiyang Chen. 2026-08-05. The role of transposable elements-endogenous retroviruses in embryonic development and regeneration.. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gde.2026.102517

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Journal Article; Review resourceAnimals subjectEpigenesis, Genetic subjectGene Expression Regulation, Developmental subjectHumans subjectJournal Article subject

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