PubMed · 4247673
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G Achten, J Wanet-Rouard. 1970. Pachyonychia.. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1970.tb12864.x
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Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are complex carbohydrates ubiquitously expressed on cell surfaces and within the extracellular matrix, where they regulate essential biological processes through sequence- and sulfation-dependent interactions. Major GAG classes, including heparan sulfate (HS), chondroitin sulfate (CS), dermatan sulfate (DS), keratan sulfate (KS), and hyaluronic acid (HA), exhibit diverse sulfation patterns that encode specific molecular recognition events. Deciphering their structure-activity relationships has been hindered by intrinsic heterogeneity and limited access to well-defined materials. This review focuses on the recent advances in the chemical synthesis of GAGs, highlighting strategies that enable precise control over GAG structure and sulfation patterns. Recent innovations in protecting group design, stereoselective glycosylation, and automated assembly have significantly improved synthetic efficiency, facilitating the construction of increasingly complex and biologically relevant structures and advancing the rational design of GAG-based tools and therapeutics.
Highly efficient syntheses of hyaluronic acid oligosaccharides have been accomplished through the pre-activation based iterative one-pot strategy. A series of oligosaccharides ranging from di- to hexasaccharides were rapidly assembled using only near stoichiometric amounts of the building blocks without aglycon adjustment or purifications of intermediate oligosaccharides. Deprotection and oxidation protocols were developed for protective group removal and oxidation-state adjustment. The availability of such structurally well defined synthetic hyaluronic acid oligosaccharides will greatly facilitate the establishment of detailed structure-function relationships.
Graves's ophthalmopathy is an extrathyroidal tissue-specific symptom of Graves's disease characterized by inflammatory infiltration of orbital tissues. In several percent of patients the course of disease is severe, leading to serious ocular complications and affecting quality of life. Progress made in understanding the pathogenesis of GO has not been followed by better outcome of treatment and it is still one of the most complex problems of clinical endocrinology. In this respect, qualification for immunosuppressive treatment based on an assessment of the disease activity is a matter of great importance. Glycosaminogycans are linear, unbranched heteropolysaccharides built of repeating disaccharide sequences. These compounds are essential for the organization and function of connective tissue. Moreover, they also take part in the initiation and regulation of immune reactions. In this paper, glycosaminogycans are described with regard to their structure, metabolism, and function, with special emphasis on the tissue specificity of the orbit. Data concerning GAG useful in the management of patients with GO are highlighted.