A child and young person focused systematic review of scrotal ultrasound with Mitigants to identify missed torsion.

Caroline MacDonald; Sophie Lewis; Harriet Corbett; Riyad Peeraully; Salman Athar; Simon Kenny; Rachel Harwood

doi:10.1016/j.jpurol.2026.106093

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A child and young person focused systematic review of scrotal ultrasound with Mitigants to identify missed torsion.

Caroline MacDonald·Sophie Lewis·Harriet Corbett·Riyad Peeraully·Salman Athar·Simon Kenny·Rachel Harwood

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound for adults is stated as excellent. Paediatric and adult acute scrotal diseases are different. Findings in adults may not apply in children. The authors have seen overconfidence and interpretation with adult disease in mind in children with scrotal pain and have seen testicular loss as a result. OBJECTIVES: To interrogate the literature methodologically to report diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound (US) for the acute scrotum specifically in CYP with a follow-up methodology which allows identification of missed torsion. STUDY DESIGN: We performed systematic review and meta-analysis of studies reporting true diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound for testicular torsion (TT). PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched from platform start until September 2023 using MeSH terms with protocol as detailed on PROSPERO. Multiple author search was undertaken. Two authors extracted data for included studies. Study quality was reported through QUADAS-2 methodology. Surgical findings or 12 months follow up in non-operative cases would be the gold standard to identify late atrophy due to missed torsion. Studies with methodology to identify missed torsion outwith the initial consult were included for meta-analysis. RESULTS: A total of 6790 cases were reported from the 38 papers identified. Studies were often flawed with poor definition of outcomes and short follow-up duration. Meta-analysis of the 10 high-quality studies revealed pooled sensitivity and specificity of 0.93 and 0.99. Doppler US by trained individuals demonstrated excellent diagnostic accuracy. Nonetheless, on extrapolation of the data, especially where flow was preserved, 5.6% of torsions were missed. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: Our review confirms a high diagnostic accuracy of US for TT in CYP. However, a 5.6% missed torsion rate was found if flow alone was considered diagnostic. The authors suggest US should be used as an adjunct in ambiguous cases, ensuring that clinically obvious torsion goes to theatre immediately and is not delayed by ultrasound. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO: CRD42023412619.

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Humans Spermatic Cord Torsion Male Scrotum Child Ultrasonography Missed Diagnosis Acute scrotum Children and young people Flow Testicular torsion Torsion testis Ultrasound Journal Article Systematic Review Meta-Analysis

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Caroline MacDonald, Sophie Lewis, Harriet Corbett, Riyad Peeraully, Salman Athar, Simon Kenny, Rachel Harwood. 2026-06-20. A child and young person focused systematic review of scrotal ultrasound with Mitigants to identify missed torsion.. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpurol.2026.106093

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