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Epidemiological status of bovine viral diarrhea virus in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis): A global systematic review and meta-analysis.

Eaftekhar Ahmed Rana·Md Saiful Islam·Belayet Hossain·Mieghan Bruce·Subir Sarker·Jully Gogoi-Tiwari·Jasim M Uddin
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Abstract

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) remains a neglected viral disease in water buffalo despite its significant economic impact in production systems. Although limited epidemiological studies have been reported worldwide, the serostatus and active infection in buffalo have not been systematically reviewed. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to estimate BVDV prevalence in water buffalo and identify associated epidemiological factors. Relevant studies published up to January 31, 2026, were retrieved from five electronic databases. A total of 49 studies were identified from 15 different countries were found for inclusion. A random-effects model was used to estimate pooled-prevalence and assess heterogeneity among studies. A meta-analysis of 37 studies (9270 buffalo) estimated a pooled BVDV seroprevalence of 30.5%, while analysis of 16 studies (7189 animals) indicated an antigen prevalence of 16.5%. Continent-wise analysis revealed the highest BVDV seroprevalence in South-America (44.0%), while antigen prevalence was highest in Africa (21.2%) followed by Asia at 12.2%, and no BVDV data reported from North-America. Among the different countries, the highest BVDV seroprevalence was detected in Turkey (61.6%) and Argentina (59.0%), while antigen prevalence was highest in Egypt (21.2%), with lower estimates in Brazil (11.8%) and Iraq (11.3%). Notably, high heterogeneity (I2 > 90%) was observed in the all-pooled estimates, indicating variations in sampling period, age, sex, sample source and types, diagnostic methods, production-system, and study quality. These findings demonstrate the widespread presence of BVDV in water buffalo populations and indicate the need for targeted control strategies to mitigate its impact on health and productivity.

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AnimalsBovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal DiseaseBuffaloesDiarrhea Viruses, Bovine ViralPrevalenceSeroepidemiologic StudiesAntigen prevalenceBVDVControl strategiesEpidemiologyPooled seroprevalenceWater BuffaloJournal ArticleSystematic ReviewMeta-AnalysisReview

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Eaftekhar Ahmed Rana, Md Saiful Islam, Belayet Hossain, Mieghan Bruce, Subir Sarker, Jully Gogoi-Tiwari, Jasim M Uddin. 2026-06-15. Epidemiological status of bovine viral diarrhea virus in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis): A global systematic review and meta-analysis.. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2026.106298

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Animals subjectBuffaloes subjectEpidemiology subjectJournal Article subjectJournal Article; Systematic Review; Meta-Analysis; Review resourceMeta-Analysis subjectSystematic reviews study

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