PubMed · 4188733
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1970-01-17. Oxygen therapy.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4188733/
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The circulatory system of adult blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus, was mapped by either injecting barium sulfate into intact animals followed by radiography or by resin corrosion casts (Batsons Monomer). Seven arteries arise from the heart. The anterior aorta exits from the anterior dorsal surface of the heart and gives rise to the optic arteries; these arteries supply hemolymph to the supraesophageal ganglion and eyestalks. The paired anterolateral arteries also exit from the anterior dorsal surface of the heart and supply hemolymph to the gonads, hepatopancreas, stomach, antennal gland, mandibular muscles, and the hypodermis of the anterior cephalothorax. The paired hepatic arteries exit the heart anteriorly and ventrally and branch profusely within the hepatopancreas. A smaller side branch, the pyloric hepatic artery, supplies hemolymph to the pyloric stomach and midgut. The smallest artery, the posterior aorta, branches off the posterior ventral surface of the heart; it joins with the inferior abdominal artery in the region of the second abdominal segment and these arteries supply hemolymph to the hindgut and abdomen. The largest artery is the sternal artery, which exits from the ventral surface of the heart; the ventral thoracic artery branches off the sternal artery and supplies hemolymph to the chelae, the mouthparts, and to each pereiopod. The present study shows that the circulatory system is highly developed, with arteries dividing into smaller capillary-like vessels that ramify profusely within individual organs. The return vessels, the sinuses, are discrete channels rather than random open spaces, as previously described. The present study refines and advances descriptions of the circulatory system and is discussed in relation to recent work on hemolymph flow in crustaceans.
Three retinaldehyde dehydrogenases (RALDH1, RALDH2 and RALDH3), which catalyze the oxidation of retinaldehyde into retinoic acid, have been shown to be differentially expressed during early embryogenesis. Here, we report their differential expression patterns throughout later mouse organogenesis. Raldh1 is prominently expressed in developing lung (notably in bronchial and tracheal epithelia), and shows stage-specific expression in stomach and intestine epithelial and mesenchymal layers. Raldh3 expression is specific to the differentiating intestinal lamina propria. Raldh2 is expressed throughout the kidney nephrogenic zone, whereas Raldh1 and Raldh3 are mostly expressed in collecting duct epithelia. Raldh3 expression is more restricted than that of Raldh1 in the urogenital tract and sex gland epithelia, whereas Raldh2 expression is mesenchymal. Raldh1 is coexpressed with Raldh2 in the early heart epicardium, and is later specifically expressed in developing heart valves. All three genes exhibit distinct expression patterns in respiratory and olfactory epithelia and/or mesenchymes, and in developing teeth. Only Raldh1 expression is seen after birth in specific brain structures. These data indicate a requirement for regulated RA synthesis in various differentiating organs.
The aim of this work was to determine the alterations in the absorptive and secretory functions of the rat colon after abdominal irradiation and to compare the effects of abdominal and whole-body irradiation. Rats received an abdominal irradiation with 8 to 12 Gy and were studied at 1, 4 and 7 days after exposure. Water and electrolyte absorption was measured in vivo by insertion of an agarose cylinder into the colons of anesthetized rats. In vitro measurements of potential difference, short-circuit current and tissue conductance were performed in Ussing chambers under basal and agonist-stimulated conditions. Most of the changes appeared at 4 days after abdominal irradiation. At this time, a decrease in water and electrolyte absorption in the colon was observed for radiation doses > or = 9 Gy. The response to secretagogues (VIP, 5-HT and forskolin) was attenuated after 10 and 12 Gy. Epithelial integrity, estimated by potential difference and tissue conductance, was altered from 1 to 7 days after 12 Gy abdominal irradiation. These results show that the function of the colon was affected by abdominal irradiation. Comparison with earlier results for total-body irradiation demonstrated a difference of 2 Gy in the radiation dose needed to induce changes in the function of the colon.