Blink reflex test.

Normal binocular vision requires that all involved structures; ocular, muscular, and neuronal; be intact and all of the intricate processes controlling conjugate gaze and cortical fusion be functioning. Diplopia may represent pathology at any point in this complex system. A careful history and physical examination may reveal a relatively benign etiology or may compel rapid diagnostic studies to evaluate the patient for neurological catastrophe.

Cranial Nerves↗

PubMed1997

[A case of post-poliomyelitis muscular atrophy with cranial nerve signs and widespread muscular atrophy of the extremities].

Here we report a case of a 56-year-old male with post-poliomyelitis muscular atrophy (PPMA), who presented with cranial nerve signs and widespread atrophy of the extremities. He had suffered from poliomyelitis at the age of 2 years. After recovery from the acute stage, the paralysis remained in his left arm. He noticed muscle weakness of the right upper and lower extremities at the age of 45 years and the muscle atrophy progressed to his arms, hip and thigh at the age of 55 years. Neurological examination revealed muscle atrophy of the neck and disturbance of left V, VIII, IX, X and bilateral XI cranial nerves. We diagnosed this case as PPMA from his history and electromyographic and muscle biopsy findings which suggested chronic denervation. Among the 21 PPMA cases in the past in which the acute poliomyelitis had resulted in paralysis of the only one limb, ours was the only case that had muscle atrophy of all the limbs. Cranial nerve involvement is known to occur in acute poliomyelitis; therefore, there is a possibility that the involvement of the cranial nerves in our case might be a delayed progressive symptoms.

Cranial Nerves↗

PubMed1996

Memorizing the cranial nerves with a funny story.

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Cranial Nerves↗