PubMed · 4105103
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J Pepys. 1971. IgE-mediated hypersensitivity.. https://doi.org/10.1042/cs041001pc
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Uremic pruritus occurs in up to 50% of patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. The pathogenesis of this disabling condition is unknown but likely involves multiple pathways involving the peripheral and central nervous system as well as local chemical and inflammatory mediators. Therapy has involved modification of the dialysis procedure, topical medications such as emollients, physical treatments such as ultraviolet light, and several oral medications such as antihistamines, activated charcoal, and gabapentin. Unfortunately, most of these therapies have not been subjected to rigorous clinical trials and clinical success has been variable. Two patients with disabling uremic pruritus refractory to multiple interventions are reported, who showed significant improvement in pruritus severity as assessed by a visual analog scale when they were treated with the mast cell stabilizer cromolyn sodium. Cessation of cromolyn resulted in return of pruritus, which improved with rechallenge with the medication. Cromolyn sodium may offer an alternative therapy for patients with refractory uremic pruritus, and should be subjected to a randomized placebo-controlled trial.
Chromonic liquid crystals are formed by the addition of aromatic molecules such as disodium chromoglycate (cromolyn) to water. In this study, we investigate the addition of salts to the lyotropic nematic phase of cromolyn aqueous solutions. The addition of sodium and potassium salts shifts the isotropic-nematic phase boundary upward by more than 10 degrees C, so that samples that were isotropic at room temperature are transformed into nematic phases. Salt effects are predominantly dictated by the cation, not the anion, and appear to differ based on cation size. In contrast to small, hydrated cations like sodium, large, weakly hydrated cations such as tetraethylammonium and tetrabutylammonium shift the phase boundary downward, thus stabilizing the isotropic phase at the expense of the nematic one. The phase behavior results are highly correlated with viscosity measurements, with an upward shift in the phase boundary correlating with an increase in solution viscosity and vice versa. We also probe the microstructure in cromolyn-salt solutions, both indirectly by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and directly by cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM). The cryo-TEM images show the presence of rodlike aggregates that possibly undergo a higher order aggregation into bundles in the presence of salt.
The interaction between cromolyn sodium (CS) and human serum albumin (HSA) was investigated using tryptophan fluorescence quenching. In the discussion of the mechanism, it was proved that the fluorescence quenching of HSA by CS is a result of the formation of a CS-HSA complex. Quenching constants were determined using the Sterns-Volmer equation to provide a measure of the binding affinity between CS and HSA. The thermodynamic parameters DeltaG, DeltaH, and DeltaS at different temperatures were calculated. The distance r between donor (Trp214) and acceptor (CS) was obtained according to fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Furthermore, synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy data and UV-vis absorbance spectra have suggested that the association between CS and HSA changed the molecular conformation of HSA and the electrostatic interactions play a major role in CS-HSA association.