PubMed · 3219252
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R J Connolly, J M Anderson, H E Kambic, H Greisler, E W Merrill. Small diameter vascular prostheses.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3219252/
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Pioneers in the field of small diameter graft development sought to promote graft endothelialization and, thereby, increase patency by transplanting a varying degree of autologous endothelial cells onto vascular grafts prior to implantation. This process has become known as endothelial cell seeding. The underlying hypothesis is quite simple; that is, by promoting the establishment of the patient's own endothelial cells on the blood contacting surface of a vascular prosthesis, a "normal" endothelial cell lining and associated basement membrane, together known as the neointima, will form on the graft and counteract the rheologic, physiologic, and biomaterial forces working synergistically to promote graft failure. After 30 years of research in this area, this simple hypothesis has proven to be deceptively naive. The purpose of this review is to summarize the historic context and current base of knowledge regarding many of the technical issues relevant to the endothelial cell seeding process. Special attention is given to electrostatic endothelial cell seeding, the latest research methodology designed specifically to accelerate endothelial cell adhesion and morphological maturation onto expanded poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (e-PTFE) small diameter vascular grafts.
Significant challenges must be overcome before the true benefit and economic impact of vascular tissue engineering can be fully realized. Toward that end, we have pioneered the electrospinning of micro- and nano-fibrous scaffoldings from the natural polymers collagen and elastin and applied these to development of biomimicking vascular tissue engineered constructs. The vascular wall composition and structure is highly intricate and imparts unique biomechanical properties that challenge the development of a living tissue engineered vascular replacement that can withstand the high pressure and pulsatile environment of the bloodstream. The potential of the novel scaffold presented here for the development of a viable vascular prosthetic meets these stringent requirements in that it can replicate the complex architecture of the blood vessel wall. This replication potential creates an "ideal" environment for subsequent in vitro development of a vascular replacement. The research presented herein provides preliminary data toward the development of electrospun collagen and elastin tissue engineering scaffolds for the development of a three layer vascular construct.
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