PubMed · 30345
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J L Bertrix, J Latarjet. 1978. [Blocks in the upper limb].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30345/
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Irritable bowel syndrome and interstitial cystitis frequently overlap. We have shown that acute colitis sensitizes urinary bladder afferents to both mechanical and chemical stimuli and that chronic colitis similarly produces neurogenic cystitis. We hypothesize that chronic irritation of the colon releases neuropeptides from bladder afferents, leading to receptor sensitization and neurogenic inflammation. Female Sprague-Dawley rats received intrarectal trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) or vehicle 3 days following either systemic capsaicin (CP) pretreatment or vehicle. Ten days later, action potentials of single-unit pelvic C-fiber afferents with receptive fields in the bladder were recorded under urethane anesthesia during graded bladder distensions (UBD) or intravesical capsaicin (vCP) administration. In controls, UBD increased bladder afferent firing in proportion to intravesical pressure. At intravesical pressures of 30 mmHg and above, the percent increase in afferent firing was significantly accentuated following TNBS compared with controls (1,222 +/- 176 vs. 624 +/- 54%, P < 0.01). The response to vCP was also enhanced (4,126 +/- 775 vs. 1,979 +/- 438%, P < 0.01). Systemic depletion of neuropeptides from sensory nerves abolished these effects. Histological examination of the bladders revealed an increase in mast cell density in TNBS-treated animals compared with controls (18.02 +/- 1.25 vs. 3.11 +/- 0.27 mast cells/x100 field, P < 0.01). This effect was significantly ameliorated with CP (10.25 +/- 0.95, P < 0.5 vs. TNBS-treated animals). In summary, chronic colonic irritation in the rat sensitizes urinary bladder afferents to noxious stimuli and causes mast cell infiltration in the bladder. Depletion of neuropeptides from sensory afferents diminishes these effects, suggesting they play an important role.
There is evidence that one gonad has functional predominance. The present study analyzed the acute effects of unilateral ovariectomy (ULO) and blocking the cholinergic system, by injecting atropine sulfate (ATR), on estradiol (E2) serum concentrations during the estrous cycle. The results indicate that ULO effects on E2 concentrations are asymmetric, vary during the estrous cycle, and partially depend on the cholinergic innervation. Perforation of the left peritoneum resulted in lower E2 serum concentrations in the three stages of the estrous cycle. At proestrus, unilateral or bilateral perforation of the peritoneum resulted in lower E2 serum concentrations.ULO of the right ovary (left ovary in situ) resulted in significantly higher E2 concentrations than animals with ULO of the left ovary (right ovary in situ). ATR treatment to ULO rats on D1 resulted in a significant drop of E2 serum concentrations. ULO rats treated with ATR on D2 or P, resulted in an asymmetrical E2 secretion response; when the right ovary remained in situ an increase in E2 was observed, and a decrease when the left ovary remained in situ. The results obtained in the present study suggest that each ovary's ability to compensate the secretion of E2 from the missing ovary is different and varies during the estrous cycle. The results also suggest that the cholinergic system participates in regulating ovarian E2 secretion. Such participation varies according to the ovary remaining in situ and the stage of the estrous cycle of the animal. The results agree with previously stated hypothesis of a neural pathway arising from the peritoneum that participates in regulating E2 secretion, and also supports the idea of cross-talk between the ovaries, via a neural communication, that modulates E2 secretion.
Otolaryngologic or ear, nose, and throat (ENT) problems are common in children with Down Syndrome (DS). This includes problems with chronic ear infections and chronic middle ear effusions with associated hearing loss, airway obstruction, and sleep apnea, as well as problems with chronic rhinitis and sinusitis. In addition, many of these ENT problems require surgical interventions, and there are special anesthesia considerations that need to be addressed in children with DS. These include subglottic stenosis, post-operative airway obstruction, and cervical spine concerns. As the care of children with DS has become more consistent and proactive, outcomes from the treatment of these ENT manifestations have improved. Aggressive interventions, both medical and surgical, have led to a decreased incidence of hearing loss, good control of the chronic rhinitis, and a better awareness of the incidence of sleep apnea and sleep-disordered breathing in individuals with DS. These common otolaryngologic manifestations of DS are reviewed with recommendations for ongoing care and monitoring.