PubMed · 2862438
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L J Bruce-Chwatt. 1985-08-03. Transfusion malaria.. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(85)90314-9
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We report the development of an immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (MAC-ELISA) for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) by using recombinant truncated SARS-CoV nucleocapsid protein as the antigen. The newly developed MAC-ELISA had a specificity and sensitivity of 100% as evaluated by using sera from healthy volunteers and patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS. Using serial serum samples collected from SARS patients, the times to seroconversion were determined by IgM antibody detection after SARS-CoV infection. The median time to seroconversion detection was 8 days (range, 5 to 17 days) after disease onset, and the seroconversion rates after the onset of illness were 33% by the first week, 97% by the second week, and 100% by the third week. Compared with the results of our previous report on the detection of IgG, the median seroconversion time by IgM detection was 3 days earlier and the seroconversion rate by the second week after the illness for IgM was significantly higher than by IgG assay. Our results indicating that the IgM response appears earlier than IgG after SARS-CoV infection in consistent with those for other pathogens. Our newly developed MAC-ELISA system offers a new alternative for the confirmation of SARS-CoV infection.
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This study has compared the functional capacity of term and preterm placentas in terms of production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in a perfusion system reflecting their ability to react to inflammatory agents, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), mimicking the situation of chorioamnionitis. We have demonstrated that term placentas secrete higher levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha compared with preterm placentas. Moreover, TNF-alpha secretion was significantly higher after exposure to LPS in the maternal and fetal sides of term placentas. In contrast, in preterm placentas, only the fetal side responded with a significant increase in secretion of TNF-alpha after exposure to LPS. The maternal side of term placentas secreted significantly higher amounts of interleukin (IL)-6 compared with preterm placentas. Exposure to LPS significantly decreased IL-6 secretion from the maternal side in both term and preterm placentas. Moreover, the fetal side of term placentas secreted significantly lower amounts of IL-6 compared with preterm placentas. In summary, this study has indicated that term and preterm placental tissues have a differing responsiveness to LPS stimulation, with term placentas disposed to a higher TNF-alpha:IL-6 ratio. Release of cytokines into fetal circulation is less than into the maternal side. However, TNF-alpha is released into fetal circulation after LPS stimulation and this may be relevant to the etiology of chorioamnionitis.