PubMed · 2617395
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V Raphael. 1989. [Bromocriptine].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2617395/
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Female athletes are under intense pressure to have a low percentage of body fat for performance, which may result in a vulnerable athlete resorting to disordered eating, developing amenorrhea, and suffering the consequences of osteoporosis. Prevention of disordered eating practices among female athletes requires a de-emphasis of a low percentage of body fat and a good nutrition education program. The female athlete triad is a serious syndrome that requires a multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis and treatment.
Stress fractures are common overuse injuries, reported more frequently in female athletes than in male athletes. The clinician should have a high index of suspicion for this injury whether an athlete presents with complaints of acute pain and disability or insidious onset of pain that is aggravated by activity and relieved by rest. Radiographs, bone scans, CT scans, and MR imaging may all be useful in confirming the diagnosis. Conservative treatment is usually successful, although one must be especially vigilant in treating a stress fracture prone to complications. Identifying risk factors for susceptibility to stress fracture development may help to avoid recurrence of the injury. More research is needed to determine cause versus association of these various risk factors in relationship to stress injury to bone.
Family and personal history as well as clinical examination are the basic data to be known before laboratory examinations should be started. To obtain results that can be correctly interpreted, the blood sampling has to be done in the early morning hours between day 1 and 5 of the cycle, and for some hormones on an empty stomach. Depending on the clinical data, the hormonal screening can be selective and well directed, or it has to be broader. The presence or absence of galactorrhea, of hot flushes and of androgenization or virilization play an important role for the decision about the hormones to be determined. Furthermore, an eventual desire infertility will influence the selection of the hormonal tests to be done. The present review intends to propose some simple recommendations to the non-specialist how a gynaecological-endocrinological screening for the most important clinical questions should be organized.