PubMed · 259700
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T Mizuno. 1979. [Minimal brain dysfunction syndrome].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/259700/
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In children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), motoric hyperactivity is one of the striking abnormalities. Because this symptom might be due to an insufficient motor control, motor system excitability in 18 drug-naive ADHD-children aged 8-12 years was compared to 18 age-matched healthy children using the technique of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Whereas motor thresholds, cortical silent period, and intracortical facilitation did not differ between the two groups, ADHD-children had significantly reduced intracortical inhibition compared to healthy controls. In all ADHD-children, a second TMS could be started after their first intake of 10 mg methylphenidate. Under this medication, a significant enhancement in intracortical inhibition could be stated. This study provides the first evidence for inhibitory deficits within the motor cortex in ADHD-children and for an enhancement of inhibitory mechanisms in this brain region by methylphenidate.
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Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is a childhood psychiatric disorder characterized by inattention, impulsivity, and overactivity. Considerable research has focused on the neurobiological substrates of this disorder. Although the specific nature of the brain dysfunction remains elusive, progress has been made and several models of the underlying pathophysiology have been suggested. Research in the fields of neuropsychology, neuroimaging, neurochemistry, and molecular genetics, which points to a multifactorial etiology for the disorder, is reviewed. While several inconsistencies exist across studies, evidence supports dysfunction of fronto-striatal dopaminergic and noradrenergic circuits with resultant executive deficits in cognitive functioning.