PubMed · 248449
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N Shimada. 1978. [Foam test (shake test)].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/248449/
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The aim of the study was to investigate the correlation between ultrasound parameters and levels of amniotic fluid insulin (AF-insulin) in pregnancies complicated by insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). In 129 women with IDDM amniocentesis was performed between 28 and 35 weeks of gestation. The levels of AF-insulin were measured by radioimmunoassay (Pharmacia RIA 100) and were correlated with biparietal diameter (BPD), abdominal diameter (AD), abdominal circumference (AC), and femur length (FL). The women were maintained at good glycemic control (fructosamine level: mean +/- S.D.: 236.3 +/- 40 micromol/l) and delivered infants with a mean (+/- S.D.) birth weight of 3477 +/- 640 g. The sensitivity of BPD, AD, AC and FL to detect fetuses with pathological levels of AF-insulin was 50%, 62%, 67% and 49%, respectively. The sensitivities of AD and AC in a selected group (n = 14) with highly pathological levels of AF-insulin (> 20 microU/ml) were both 80%, whereas the specificity was 56% and 46%, respectively. In women with IDDM, fetal biparietal diameter, abdominal diameter, abdominal circumference, and femur length are not reliable markers for the identification of fetal hyperinsulinism. Only cases with highly pathological levels of AF-insulin can be detected by abdominal measurements.
Intraamniotic infection is associated with increased IL-1 activity in amniotic fluid, increased incidence of preterm labor, and with decreased incidence of respiratory distress syndrome in infants born prematurely. We hypothesized that an elevated IL-1 in amniotic fluid promotes fetal lung maturation. On day 23 or 25 of gestation (term 31 d), either IL-1alpha (150 or 1,500 ng per fetus) or its antagonist IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra, 20 microg) was injected to the amniotic fluid sacs in one uterine horn, whereas the contralateral amniotic sacs were injected with vehicle. Within 40 h, IL-1alpha caused a dose-dependent increase in surfactant protein-A (SP-A) and SP-B mRNAs (maximally, fivefold), without affecting lung growth or increasing inflammatory cells in the lung. Both genders, and upper and lower lung lobes were similarly affected. IL-1ra did not modify SP-A, -B, or -C mRNA. IL-1 increased the intensity of staining of alveolar type II cells for SP-B, and the concentrations of SP-B, -A, and disaturated phosphatidylcholine in bronchoalveolar lavage. The dynamic lung compliance and the postventilatory expansion of lungs were increased two- to fourfold after IL-1alpha treatment. In fetal lung explants, IL-1alpha increased the expression of SP-A mRNA. IL-1 in amniotic fluid in preterm labor may promote lung maturation and thus be part of a host-defense mechanism that prepares the fetus for extrauterine life.
This article describes the induction of micronuclei, hyperdiploidy and chromosome breakage in human amniotic cells in vitro by amosite, chrysotile and crocidolite asbestos, and ceramic fibers. The response of human (amniotic fluid cells) and rodent (Syrian hamster embryo fibroblasts, SHE) cells to fiber treatment was compared using the micronucleus assay. The data of the rodent studies were taken from a previous investigation (Dopp, E. et al. (1995) Environ. Health Perspect., 103, 268-271). All types of mineral fibers caused a significant increase of micronucleated cells. The kinetochore analysis revealed that all three types of asbestos and ceramic fibers yielded similar effects. Approximately 50% of the induced micronuclei were kinetochore-negative indicating formation through clastogenic events. Human amniotic cells were much less susceptible than SHE cells to the induction of micronuclei by mineral fibers. This again demonstrates that SHE cells are more susceptible to chromosomal changes than human amniotic fluid cells. The application of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with tandem DNA probes yielded more detailed information about specific structural chromosome aberrations in the 1 (cen-q12) and 9 (cen-q12) regions and about abnormal numbers of chromosomes in interphase human amniotic fluid cells. Using this FISH approach we found a statistically significant increase of chromosomal breakage in the pericentric heterochromatin regions of chromosomes 1 and 9 in interphase human amniotic cells after exposure to asbestos and ceramic fibers compared to control cells. The number of hyperdiploid cells was also significantly increased. Our results show that asbestos fibers as well as ceramic fibers are inducers of structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations in human amniotic fluid cells.