PubMed · 2011087
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M Peters. 1991. Midwives' day.. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0266-6138(05)80126-3
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This past year, 2002, marked the 100th anniversary of the death of Adolf Kussmaul. To rheumatologists, he is important as the author of the first case of idiopathic vasculitis, polyarteritis nodosa, which even today is the basis of our understanding of vasculitis. To general internists, his name is linked to Kussmaul's sign and Kussmaul breathing, and to gastroenterologists, he is in many ways-through the development of the gastric pump and the first gastroscope-the father of modern gastroenterology. His reputation as an excellent teacher, his compassion for his patients, and his ability as a clinician scientist led him to be regarded as a giant of 19th century medicine. Kussmaul's life and career, dedicated foremost to reducing human suffering and advancing medicine as a scientific discipline with a strong humanistic foundation, make him a role model for physicians of today.
STUDY OBJECTIVE: To describe the development of the public health surveillance system for the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games; document its major findings; and discuss the implications for public health surveillance for future events. DESIGN: Planning for the system took almost three years. Its major components included increased surveillance of communicable diseases; presentations to sentinel emergency departments; medical encounters at Olympic venues; cruise ship surveillance; environmental and food safety inspections; surveillance for bioterrorism; and global epidemic intelligence. A daily report integrated data from all sources. SETTING: Sydney, Australia. Surveillance spanned the period 28 August to 4 October 2000. PARTICIPANTS: Residents of Sydney, athletes and officials, Australian and international visitors. MAIN RESULTS: No outbreaks of communicable diseases were detected. There were around 5% more presentations to Sydney emergency departments than in comparable periods in other years. Several incidents detected through surveillance, including injuries caused by broken glass, and a cluster of presentations related to the use of the drug ecstasy, prompted further action. CONCLUSIONS: Key elements in the success of public health surveillance for the Games included its careful planning, its comprehensive coverage of public health issues, and its timely reporting and communication processes. Future systems need to be flexible enough to detect the unexpected.
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