PubMed · 2000075
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P C Grunwald, P T Becker. 1991. Developmental enhancement: implementing a program for the NICU.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2000075/
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BACKGROUND: Despite some research suggesting maternal stress may be associated with cognitive impairment in preschool children, there has been little direct investigation of the association between maternal stress, social support and children's intelligence. AIM: To determine whether maternal stress and social support during pregnancy and during the child's early years of life are associated with the intelligence test performance of preschool children. STUDY DESIGN: Five hundred and fifty European mothers and children enrolled in the Auckland Birthweight Collaborative Study at birth were interviewed when the child was 3 1/2 years of age. SUBJECTS: All children were full term gestation and approximately half the sample were small for gestational age at birth (SGA = birthweight < or = 10th percentile). OUTCOME MEASURE: The cognitive ability of children aged 3 1/2 years was assessed using the Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale 4th Edition. RESULTS: In the total sample, maternal stress and lack of social support during pregnancy were significantly associated with lower intelligence test scores of children. In the group of SGA children, maternal stress post pregnancy was significantly associated with lower intelligence test scores in children. There is evidence that for some children the presence of good social support for mothers may reduce the negative effects of maternal stress on children's cognitive development. CONCLUSION: Maternal stress and lack of social support appear to be associated with lower intelligence test scores of preschool children. Social support may attenuate some of the negative effects of maternal stress on intelligence in children born small for gestational age.
This article presents a study that examined the impact of visual communication on the quality of the early interaction between deaf and hearing mothers and fathers and their deaf children aged between 18 and 24 months. Three communication mode groups of parent-deaf child dyads that differed by the use of signing and visual-tactile communication strategies were involved: (a) hearing parents communicating with their deaf child in an auditory/oral way, (b) hearing parents using total communication, and (c) deaf parents using sign language. Based on Loots and colleagues' intersubjective developmental theory, parent-deaf child interaction was analyzed according to the occurrence of intersubjectivity during free play with a standard set of toys. The data analyses indicated that the use of sign language in a sequential visual way of communication enabled the deaf parents to involve their 18- to 24-month-old deaf infants in symbolic intersubjectivity, whereas hearing parents who hold on to oral-only communication were excluded from involvement in symbolic intersubjectivity with their deaf infants. Hearing parents using total communication were more similar to deaf parents, but they still differed from deaf parents in exchanging and sharing symbolic and linguistic meaning with their deaf child.
Twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) is caused by unbalanced shunting of blood between monochorionic twins. It is well known that chronic hypotension and hypovolemia may cause renal insufficiency in the donor twin. The long-term outcome of kidney function after TTTS has not previously been delineated in the literature, however. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term outcome of kidney function in children after intrauterine laser treatment for severe TTTS. Eighteen surviving twin pairs after intrauterine laser treatment for TTTS were involved in the study. Their gestational age at birth was 29-39 weeks, their median birth weight was 2050 g, and their median age at evaluation was 3 years 1 month, range 1 year 9 months to 4 years 5 months. Serum creatinine, cystatin C, and beta 2-microglobulin, sodium, potassium, and phosphate excretion, and urine albumin and alpha-1-microglobulin were measured. Creatinine clearance was calculated by use of the Schwartz formula. The laboratory findings for all 36 children were within normal limits. There were no significant differences between donors and recipients. Despite severe alteration of renal function before the laser treatment (anuria-polyuria) no long-term impairment of renal function could be detected in any of the 18 twin pairs.