PubMed · 1944951
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G De Martino, C Abate, R Monti. 1991. [Oxygen toxicity].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1944951/
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In the course of oxidation of thiols by peroxidases thiyl radicals are formed which are known to undergo several free-radical conjugative reactions, among others leading to hydrogen peroxide formation. The present paper for the first time presents a comparative transient-state and steady-state investigation of the reaction of 15 aliphatic and aromatic mono- and dithiols with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Both sequential-stopped-flow spectrophotometric investigations of the reaction of HRP intermediates Compound I (k2) and Compound II (k3) with thiols and measurements of the overall thiol oxidation and the simultaneous oxygen consumption in the presence and absence of exogenously added hydrogen peroxide (10 microM) have been performed. With HRP as thiyl radical generator it was shown that three groups of thiols have to be distinguished: (i) Aromatic thiols (e.g. thiophenol, 2-mercaptopurine) were excellent electron donors of both Compounds (k2: 10(4)-10(7) M(-1) s(-1) and k3: 10(3)-10(6) M(-1) s(-1)); however, the overall reaction was shown to depend on addition of hydrogen peroxide, indicating insufficient peroxide regeneration by arylthiyl radicals. (ii) Aliphatic thiols which were extremely bad substrates (k3 < 10 M(-1) s(-1)) for HRP (e.g. homocysteine, glutathione) and/or have a pK(a,SH) > 9.5 (e.g. N-acetylcysteine, alpha-lipoic acid) were also shown to depend on exogenously added H2O2 to maintain the peroxidasic reaction, whereas (iii) with those thiols with rates of k3 between 11 and 1600 M(-1) s(-1) (e.g. cysteine, cysteamine, cysteine methyl ester, cysteine ethyl ester) and/or with a pK(a,SH) < 8 (penicillamine) thiol oxidation was independent of exogenously added hydrogen peroxide, indicating sufficient hydrogen peroxide regeneration.
Thiol-containing proteins are key to numerous cellular processes, and their functions can be modified by thiol nitrosation or oxidation. Nitrosation reactions are quenched by O-2, while the oxidation chemistry mediated by peroxynitrite is quenched by excess flux of either NO or O-2. A solution of glutathione (GSH), a model thiol-containing tripeptide, exclusively yielded S-nitrosoglutathione when exposed to the NO donor, Et2NN(O)NONa. However, when xanthine oxidase was added to the same mixture, the yield of S-nitrosoglutathione dramatically decreased as the activity of xanthine oxidase increased, such that there was a 95% reduction in nitrosation when the fluxes of NO and O-2 were nearly equivalent. The presence of superoxide dismutase reversed O-2-mediated inhibition, while catalase had no effect. Increasing the flux of O-2 yielded oxidized glutathione (GSSG), peaking when the flux of NO and O-2 were approximately equivalent. The results suggest that oxidation and nitrosation of thiols by superoxide and NO are determined by their relative fluxes and may have physiological significance.
Heme-containing (per)oxidases including horse radish peroxidase (HRP)/H2O2 have been shown to oxidatively modify isolated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in vitro and oxidized LDL is implicated in the early events leading to atherosclerosis. The role of alpha-tocopherol (alpha-TOH) in the oxidation of LDL by HRP/H2O2 is unclear, although alpha-tocopheroxyl radical (alpha-TO.), which is formed during this process, can act as a chain transfer agent of lipid peroxidation in LDL. By combining HPLC and EPR spectroscopy, we hereby show that during HRP/H2O2-induced oxidation of human LDL: (i) the accumulation of cholesteryl linoleate hydroperoxides and hydroxides (CE-O(O)H) occurs concomitantly with the formation of alpha-TO. and consumption of alpha-TOH in the absence of other detectable organic (g approximately 2) radicals; (ii) the rates of alpha-TO. formation and subsequent decay reflect the rates of both alpha-TOH consumption and CE-O(O)H accumulation; (iii) CE-O(O)H accumulation is directly dependent on the level of endogenous alpha-TOH, and vitamin E supplementation results in increased lipid oxidizability; (iv) the inhibition of HRP activity by catalase plus urate results in a persistent alpha-TO. signal, the decay (t1/2 approximately 20 min) of which is accompanied by continued accumulation of CE-O(O)H, with complete cessation of lipid peroxidation upon loss of the chromanoxyl signal. These results demonstrate a direct correlation between alpha-TOH/alpha-TO. and the extent of HRP/H2O2-induced LDL lipid peroxidation, and that this type of oxidative modification can occur in the absence of g approximately 2 radicals other than alpha-TO.. Together, the results support a role for tocopherol-mediated peroxidation but not the involvement of a protein radical in the initiation of LDL lipid peroxidation induced by HRP/H2O2.