PubMed · 1942103
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N Garber. Basic ocular motility assessment.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1942103/
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Escherichia coli O157 was first identified as a human pathogen in 1982. One of several Shiga toxin-producing serotypes known to cause human illness, the organism probably evolved through horizontal acquisition of genes for Shiga toxins and other virulence factors. E. coli O157 is found regularly in the faeces of healthy cattle, and is transmitted to humans through contaminated food, water, and direct contact with infected people or animals. Human infection is associated with a wide range of clinical illness, including asymptomatic shedding, non-bloody diarrhoea, haemorrhagic colitis, haemolytic uraemic syndrome, and death. Since laboratory practices vary, physicians need to know whether laboratories in their area routinely test for E. coli O157 in stool specimens. Treatment with antimicrobial agents remains controversial: some studies suggest that treatment may precipitate haemolytic uraemic syndrome, and other studies suggest no effect or even a protective effect. Physicians can help to prevent E. coli O157 infections by counselling patients about the hazards of consuming undercooked ground meat or unpasteurised milk products and juices, and about the importance of handwashing to prevent the spread of diarrhoeal illness, and by informing public-health authorities when they see unusual numbers of cases of bloody diarrhoea or haemolytic uraemic syndrome.
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BACKGROUND: A new concept of the pathophysiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), based upon the presumed circle area ratio (PCAR) theory, is described. METHODS: The PCAR is the ratio of the area of the maximum horizontal section of the prostate by transrectal sonography to the area of a presumed circle of which the circumference is equal to the circumference of the maximum horizontal section. This evaluates how closely the shape of the section approaches a circle. RESULTS: A clear borderline was found at a PCAR of 0.75 in the postvoiding residual urine volume (PVR) in many cases of BPH. Cases with the PCAR below this level almost entirely showed a PVR below 30 ml, while cases with the PCAR over this level demonstrated a wide distribution of PVR. CONCLUSIONS: Such a variety of PVR in cases with the PCAR over 0.75 could be explained by the difference of the elasticity of the surgical capsule (peripheral zone) in each case, which was confirmed by a stress-strain test on extirpated specimens from the capsule at surgery. We developed a new clinical parameter called the prostatic pressure coefficient (PPC) to check elasticity, by means of a special balloon catheter inserted into the prostatic urethra.