PubMed · 193603
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J L Melnick. 1976. Hepatitis viruses.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/193603/
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Cytokines play an important role in the immune response to live measles virus immunization. To gain further insight into the cytokine production profile in response to measles vaccination, we studied interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha), soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R), interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-4 (IL-4), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in both supernatants from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), and plasma. We enrolled 57 healthy infants and children residing in an area where no measles virus circulated in their lifetimes. Overall analysis of cytokines in supernatants from PBMC showed that a predominant Th1 cytokine pattern occurs after the second dose of measles immunization. However, plasma levels of Th1 cytokines (IFN-gamma, sIL-2R and TNF-alpha) were preferentially activated by measles virus after the first dose of measles vaccination. Median IFN-gamma plasma levels were 1.73 pg/ml for infants compared to 0.63 pg/ml for older children (P = 0.003). These data suggest that after the first and the second dose of measles virus immunization, there is a predominant Th1-type directed immune response, but the Th1 cytokine pattern seems to be stronger in previously unvaccinated children. There was no correlation between cytokine production by PBMC supernatants after PHA stimulation and circulating levels of plasma cytokines. No relationship was found between any specific cytokine level and measles antibody level.
A total of 3,559 children aged 1-11 years were enrolled in two clinical studies to evaluate immunogenicity and safety of a new pediatric tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) vaccine, free of protein-derived stabilizer. Immunogenicity was evaluated in the rapid immunization schedule (Days 0, 7, and 21) from sera collected at baseline and on Day 42 post-immunization by in vitro TBE virus neutralization test. All subjects analyzed achieved levels of TBE antibodies to fulfil the definition of seroconversion or a four-fold increase in antibody titres from baseline. The frequency of solicited post-immunization reactions ranged from 1 to 32% for reported local reactions and from 1 to 14% for systemic reactions. Overall, this can be regarded as expected for an inactivated, aluminium-adjuvanted, TBE vaccine. There was no indication for any new safety issues. An acceptably low number of febrile reactions above 38 degrees C with the highest frequency after first immunization (i.e. 15% and 5% in children aged 1-2 and 3-11 years, respectively), mainly below 39 degrees C, was reported. The results of both studies clearly show that TBE vaccination with this new TBE vaccine formulation can be achieved with a high degree of safety in children from 1 to 11 years of age.
BACKGROUND: In early-phase trials, a human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine has been shown to be well tolerated, immunogenic, and protective against HPV16 in women, most of whom were taking oral contraceptives. Previous studies have not determined whether HPV immunization results in specific antibody levels in the human genital tract or whether these levels might vary during contraceptive or ovulatory cycles. Therefore, we determined the levels of total and specific antibodies in the cervical secretions of women who had been immunized with HPV16 VLPs and examined the influence of the menstrual cycle and oral contraceptive use on these levels. METHODS: Two groups of women were immunized, seven who were taking oral contraceptives and 11 who were ovulating. After seroconversion, serum and cervical secretions were collected twice weekly for 5 weeks. Total immunoglobulins (IgG and IgA) and vaccine-specific IgGs were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Nonparametric statistical analyses were used to determine the statistical significance of differences in IgG levels between groups, and correlations between serum- and cervical-specific IgG levels were determined by the Spearman correlation coefficient. RESULTS: All participants developed detectable titers of anti-HPV16 VLP IgGs in their cervical secretions after immunization. The cervical titers of specific IgG and total IgGs and IgAs among participants in the contraceptive group were relatively constant throughout the contraceptive cycle. In contrast, the cervical titers of specific IgG and total IgGs and IgAs among participants in the ovulatory group varied during the menstrual cycle, being highest during the proliferative phase, decreasing approximately ninefold around ovulation, and increasing approximately threefold during the luteal phase. Serum- and cervical-specific IgG levels were correlated (r =.86) in women in the contraceptive group but not in women in the ovulatory group (r =.27). CONCLUSIONS: The relatively high titer of anti-HPV16 antibodies at the cervix is promising in terms of vaccine efficacy; however, the decrease in antibody titer around ovulation raises the possibility that the HPV16 VLP vaccine might be less effective during the peri-ovulatory phase.