PubMed · 16669950
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Rob Phillips, Robert Bilkovski, Joe Brierley, Fred Berry. 2006. Making the case for USCOM.. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-6723.2006.00843.x
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OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of penile wetness among STI clinic attenders in London. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 480 consecutive men were examined clinically to detect whether penile wetness, defined as the clinical observation of a uniform diffuse layer of moisture on the surface of the glans and coronal sulcus, was present. RESULTS: Penile wetness was observed in 30 (6.3%), including 29 (8.3%) of uncircumcised and 1 (0.8%) of circumcised men (Relative risk 10.54 (95% CI 1.45-76.6, P = <0.001) (Fisher's Exact test) and in 14/34 (41.2%) of men with balanitis. Penile wetness was observed in 9.2% Asian, 7% Caucasian, 3% of black men, and 6.3% of homosexuals, and in 14/34 (8.2%) of men with clinical balanitis compared with 8/244 (3.3%) with no STI diagnosis (P = <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of penile wetness was low in this population of STI clinic attenders in London, much lower than in Durban, South Africa. Further studies of male genital hygiene are warranted.
OBJECTIVES: Interventions targeting sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic patients provide an important opportunity to modify high-risk sex behaviors related to HIV/STD transmission. Identifying efficacious interventions for blacks and Hispanics is urgently needed because these 2 groups are disproportionately affected by the HIV/STD epidemics. GOAL: This meta-analysis evaluates the efficacy of behavioral interventions in reducing unprotected sex and incident STD among black and Hispanic STD clinic patients. STUDY DESIGN: Comprehensive searches, including electronic databases (1988-2004), hand searches of journals (January 2004 to June 2005), reference lists of articles, and contacts with researchers, identified 18 randomized, controlled trials meeting the selection criteria. RESULTS: Interventions significantly reduced unprotected sex (odds ratio [OR] = 0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.68-0.87; 14 trials; N = 11,590) and incident STD (OR = 0.85; 95% CI = 0.73-0.998; 13 trials; N = 16,172). CONCLUSIONS: Behavioral interventions provide an efficacious means of HIV/STD prevention for blacks and Hispanics who attend STD clinics.
PURPOSE: The rules that govern pharmaceutical reimbursement and strategies for obtaining reimbursement for hospital inpatients and outpatients and patients treated at physician-owned clinics are discussed. SUMMARY: The use of certain claim forms and provision of information about the patient location, drug, Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System (HCPCS) code, status indicator, billing unit, revenue code, and International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision (ICD-9) code are required to obtain reimbursement for pharmaceuticals from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Requirements for hospital inpatients and outpatients differ. Claims for patients treated at physician-owned clinics are handled differently from claims for those treated at hospital outpatient clinics, but pharmaceutical reimbursement rates are the same in the two settings. CONCLUSION: Frequent changes in the rules for obtaining pharmaceutical reimbursement present a challenge. A knowledge of the rules and requirements for different patient treatment settings is needed to obtain reimbursement.