PubMed · 16636438
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Warren Hamula. 2006. The case for ownership.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16636438/
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Since the 1980s, increasingly more fertility treatments have been performed in the Netherlands. The use of ovarian hyperstimulation during in vitro fertilisation (IVF) and intrauterine insemination (IUI) has contributed to an explosive increase in the number of multiple births. To control the costs of treatment and outcomes, the Minister of Health, Welfare and Sport commissioned research on possible improvements in the performance of fertility treatments in 1999. The results of this research ('Umbrella study'), reported in 2005, suggested that costs and the incidence of multiple births could be reduced if (a) IUI is only performed if the chance of spontaneous pregnancy is less than 30%; (b) the guideline 'Intrauterine insemination' is followed more closely regarding hormonal stimulation; (c) stimulation is used less frequently during IVF; and (d) no more than 1 embryo is placed in the uterus at a time. To achieve these results, all parties involved must revise their policies. In particular, current reimbursement regulations inhibit the implementation of the research results in practice.
Since the start in Italy and Denmark more than 10 years ago the application of fats and oils without trans fatty acids (TFA) has increased all over the world. Today the food industry uses enormous resources to decrease the content of TFA in existing and new products. The food industry has in most cases succeeded in making consumer accepted products without TFA-most of the quality issues have been related to the technological properties of the fat- and oil-based ingredients. The change from the traditional process of selective hydrogenation to fractionation and interesterification has caused a change in the demand of vegetable oils and process capacities in the market, but until now most of these changes has been absorbed by the market without significant changes in the cost of the raw materials.