PubMed · 16602552
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Leslie Flowers. 2006. Teach-back improves informed consent.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16602552/
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Gibson's Dependency Locality Theory (DLT) [Gibson, E. 1998. Linguistic complexity: locality of syntactic dependencies. Cognition, 68, 1-76; Gibson, E. 2000. The dependency locality theory: A distance-based theory of linguistic complexity. In A. Marantz, Y. Miyashita, & W. O'Neil (Eds.), Image, Language, Brain (pp. 95-126). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.] proposes that the processing complexity of a sentence is related to the length of its syntactic dependencies: longer dependencies are more difficult to process. The DLT is supported by a variety of phenomena in language comprehension. This raises the question: Does language production reflect a preference for shorter dependencies as well? I examine this question in a corpus study of written English, using the Wall Street Journal portion of the Penn Treebank. The DLT makes a number of predictions regarding the length of constituents in different contexts; these predictions were tested in a series of statistical tests. A number of findings support the theory: the greater length of subject noun phrases in inverted versus uninverted quotation constructions, the greater length of direct-object versus subject NPs, the greater length of postmodifying versus premodifying adverbial clauses, the greater length of relative-clause subjects within direct-object NPs versus subject NPs, the tendency towards "short-long" ordering of postmodifying adjuncts and coordinated conjuncts, and the shorter length of subject NPs (but not direct-object NPs) in clauses with premodifying adjuncts versus those without.
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The interpretation of proverbs has a long tradition in the assessment of abstract thinking, particularly in schizophrenia. Although the usefulness of proverb interpretation as a diagnostic tool has been questioned over the years, the comprehension of non-literal language nevertheless plays an important role in social interactions. Thus, researchers remain interested in the neurocognitive mechanisms mediating comprehension and use of figurative language. The present paper summarizes and evaluates the evidence from behavioral, lesion and imaging studies including data for compromised figurative language processing derived from clinical populations. One main focus is on studies of figurative language comprehension in schizophrenia. Several theoretical explanations proposed to account for the difficulties schizophrenia patients experience when confronted with figurative language will be addressed. An integration of the evidence from different areas of research is attempted and directions for future investigation are outlined.