PubMed · 16454257
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Jaakko Kivisaari. 2005. [Is alcohol normalizing factor?].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16454257/
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The use of dedicated bus shoulders is a key method for implementing bus rapid transit (BRT) in areas that do not have the space for additional infrastructure. However, the narrow width of the bus shoulder and the need to anticipate traffic hazards in the adjacent lane can both be significant stressors for bus drivers. Bus driver mental workload and stress in response to these conditions should be a significant concern both for operational safety and driver health. This pilot study evaluated the potential stressors of traffic density and shoulder width in the context of an express BRT service in a large US metropolitan area. In addition, the study considered the potential role of a prototype lane support system (LSS) to support vehicle control within the narrow shoulder boundaries. Ten experienced bus drivers drove an actual route with an instrumented bus equipped with and without LSS. Self-reported effort was recorded along with performance measures of speed and position control relevant to mobility and safety objectives. Bus drivers did note stressors in the BRT environment and the prototype LSS. However, the use of the shoulder during high-density traffic conditions did improve mobility. Moreover, the LSS did enhance safety on the shoulder when there was high-density traffic in the adjacent lane. However, there was no evidence that the LSS reduced bus driver workload while operating in the narrow shoulder. Future research should consider the impact of BRT operations and support systems on bus driver mental workload and stress, and support the deployment of such devices for bus operations on shoulders during high traffic volumes.
The purpose of the study is a presentation of a fatal case involving an 83-year-old woman, who died due to an overdose of vinblastine-a cytostatic agent of a vinca alkaloid employed in cancer chemotherapy. The postmortem investigation included an autopsy and histological examination, as well as a toxicological analysis of post-mortem specimens collected in the course of autopsy. The authors performed a toxicological assessment of vinblastine employing liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS-APCI). The determined vinblastine concentration levels amounting to 29 ng/g in blood and 52.5 ng/g in liver were in a considerable excess of values encountered in patients on chemotherapy using the drug. The fatality was investigated in the context of medical error. In the described case, the erroneous and medically unjustified administration of vinblastine was identified by a series of unfortunate events involving as many as three acting consecutively individuals: a physician, a pharmacist and a nurse. The report may thus document the clinical course of vinblastine poisoning along with postmortem changes resulting from the drug action.
Motor vehicles are a major cause of injury-related deaths in children and may also result in temporary or permanent disability. A retrospective analysis of the medical charts of children aged 12 years and younger, who were involved in motor vehicle injuries during a 10-year period, was undertaken. All children who were admitted and treated at King Fahad National Guard Hospital, Riyadh from January 1994 to December 2003 were included in this study. Data analyzed included age, gender, and mechanism of injury, type of injury, management and outcome. Motor vehicle injuries accounted for approximately 42% of all pediatric traumas. There were 664 children, 469 (71%) male and 195 (29%) female and a male: female ratio 2.4:1. Four hundred and seventy two children were injured as pedestrians (71%), 177 as auto passengers (27%), 11 as bicyclists (1.5%), and 4 as motorcyclists (0.5%). Five hundred and sixty two injured children (85%) were between the ages of 1 and 8 years. The most common injuries were to the head and extremities. Thirty-four children (5.1%) died from their injuries, 30 from head trauma. Thirty-five children (5.3%) were discharged home with neurological impairment from head trauma. In this study, the risk factors associated with high volume of motor vehicle injuries in children include, male, 1-8 years, and pedestrian. Head trauma is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality. This study suggests that nationwide programs should target the use of seatbelts and helmets, and dangerous driving practices.