PubMed · 15693532
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S Slavin. 2004. Liposuction in the consensus document.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15693532/
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Decellularized tissues provide biological cues owing to the wealth of structural and regulatory factors that promote angiogenesis, adipogenesis, and myogenesis and facilitate neurite outgrowth. Here, we demonstrated the advantages of decellularized adipose tissue (adipoECM) over defined collagen-based biomaterials for host tissue integration. Three batches of human adipose tissue were decellularized using a rapid decellularization protocol and analyzed using mass spectrometry. To assess the biological activity of the decellularized materials, adipoECM and a reference standard of care biomaterial (Integra®DRT, also containing collagen I and glycosaminoglycans) were implanted subcutaneously, but far from the wound bed (in anatomical potential spaces) of immunocompetent BALB/c mice. The mice were euthanized in the acute (1 day) and chronic (day 60) inflammatory reaction phases, followed by biomaterial excision and Masson’s trichrome immunohistofluorescence imaging of the paraffin-embedded specimens. Each batch of processed tissue passed a quality control check, showing a low level of donor genomic DNA, lack of nuclei, lipids, endotoxins, and bacterial contamination. Mass spectrometry revealed that all batches of decellularized tissue mainly contained collagen I and, to a lesser degree, collagen III, collagen IV, collagen V, laminin, fibrillin, fibronectin, tenascin, and elastin. No acute inflammatory reaction was observed in either material one day post-transplantation. At 60 days post-implantation, different cell types were detected in adipoECM specimens, whereas Integra®DRT remained acellular. Additional immunohistochemical staining of adipoECM revealed CD31-positive cells in the blood vessels. Mesenchymal (CD90 positive) and myeloid (CD14 positive) cells were also detected. Primary cell types involved in soft tissue healing and remodeling were found in the adipoECM-treated group. The ingrowth of blood vessels and mesenchymal cells confirmed the effective integration of adipoECM with host tissues. Our results demonstrate that decellularized adipose tissue implanted away from the wound bed possesses contextual biological activities that promote efficient integration with host tissues.
The purpose of the present study was to study the aromatase mRNA expression as well as promoter usage (I.4, I.3, PII and I.7) in axillary adipose tissue (AA), mammary adipose tissue (MA), breast tumor tissue (BT) and adjacent normal breast tissue (NB), and to study the relationship between aromatase mRNA expression and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6 and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 mRNA expression. BT (n=108), NB (n=54), AA (n=41) and MA (n=34) from patients with breast cancer were subjected to real-time PCR assays for the mRNA levels of aromatase, TNF-alpha, IL-6 and COX-2. We also studied the usage of promoters I.4, I.3, PII and the recently reported endothelial promoter I.7. Total aromatase mRNA levels were significantly up-regulated in BT as compared with NB, AA and MA. Proportion of promoter l.4-specific transcripts against the total transcripts was significantly decreased and that of promoter l.3- and l.7-specific transcripts was significantly increased in BT than NB, AA and MA. However, the amount of transcripts from all the 4 promoters was significantly up-regulated in BT than NB, AA and MA. Estrogen receptor-alpha (ER-alpha) positive tumors showed a higher percentage of promoter I.7 usage than ER-alpha negative tumors with a marginal significance (p=0.05), and tumor with high microvessel counts tended (p=0.06) to show a higher percentage of promoter I.7 usage than those with low microvessel counts. There was a significant association between aromatase mRNA levels and TNF-alpha, IL-6 or COX-2 mRNA levels in BT, AA and MA but not in NB. These results suggest that enhanced transcription of promoters l.4, I.3, PII and I.7 explains the up-regulation of aromatase mRNA levels in BT. It has also been suggested that angiogenesis might stimulate the growth of ER-alpha positive tumors through the enhanced transcription of aromatase from promoter I.7 in endothelial cells in BT, and that TNF-alpha, IL-6 and COX-2 might be implicated in the up-regulation of aromatase mRNA in BT, AA and MA but not in NB.
Many animals rely on stored energy through periods of high energy demand or low energy availability or both. A variety of mechanisms may be employed to attain and conserve energy for such periods. Wild grey seals demonstrate seasonal patterns of energy storage and foraging behaviour that appear to maximize the allocation of energy to reproduction--a period characterized by both high energy demand and low food availability. We examined seasonal patterns in resting rates of oxygen consumption as a proxy for metabolic rate (RMR) and body composition in female grey seals (four adults and six juveniles), testing the hypothesis that adults would show seasonal changes in RMR related to the reproductive cycle but that juveniles would not. There was significant seasonal variation in rates of resting oxygen consumption of adult females, with rates being highest in the spring and declining through the summer months into autumn. This variation was not related to changes in water temperature. Adults increased in total body mass and in fat content during the same spring to autumn period that RMR declined. RMR of juveniles showed no clear seasonal patterns, but did increase with increasing mass. These data support the hypothesis that seasonal variation in RMR in female grey seals is related to the high costs of breeding.