PubMed · 15613958
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Gisela Büchele, Birgit Och, Gabriele Bolte, Stephan K Weiland. 2005. Single vs. double data entry.. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000147166.24478.f4
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Military command and control (C2) organizations are complex socio-technical systems which must constantly adapt to meet changing operational requirements. We describe our experiences in developing a work-centred support system (WCSS) to aid weather forecasting and monitoring in a military airlift C2 organization as an illustrative case. As part of the development process we conducted field observations both before and after introduction of the WCSS in their operations centre. A striking finding was the constant changes that operations personnel faced (changes in goals and priorities, changes in scale of operations, changes in team roles and structure, and changes in information sources and systems). We describe the changes in workplace demands that we observed and the modifications we needed to make to the WCSS in response. For today's fielded systems, it is seldom possible to make changes that are responsive to users' changing requirements in a timely manner. We argue for the need to incorporate facilities that enable users to adapt their systems to the changing requirements of work and point to some promising directions towards evolvable work-centred support systems.
The Healthy Directions-Small Business randomized, controlled study aimed to reduce cancer risk among multiethnic workers in small manufacturing businesses by increasing fruit and vegetable consumption, physical activity, and daily multivitamin in take and decreasing consumption of red meat. The intervention incorporated participatory strategies and was built on a social-contextual framework that addressed people with varying cultural backgrounds and literacy levels. In addition, the intervention aimed to reduce worker exposure to occupational hazards. Process evaluation was conducted using quantitative and qualitative research methods. Quantitative results showed high levels of worker awareness of and participation in programs. Qualitative findings suggested that management support, worker input, and a history of social interaction between workers and management may have contributed to high participation rates. Future studies need to examine characteristics associated with participation and nonparticipation of both managers and nonmanagers to increase the likelihood of participation and ultimately improve health behavior.
Twins are a valuable resource not only for studies on multiple births themselves, but on the etiology of diseases and other phenotypes. The method of ascertainment and selection of twins can be crucial for such studies and population based twin registries are thus of great importance as tools of research. Accurate determination of zygosity and chorionicity is essential in all studies of multiple births and in their professional care. The parents and the multiples ask for it. It is of pre-and postnatal medical importance and now considered as a prerequisite in several domains of twin research. It is also important for educational reasons as it helps the multiples and their parents and teachers to ascertain identity. The methods are briefly described and a plea is made to the obstetricians and pediatricians to use them systematically at birth. The distribution of zygosity and chorionicity types among spontaneous and induced twin births are illustrated.