PubMed · 15403242
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M BERGER. 1949-12-25. The electron microscope.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15403242/
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The chemical characterization and discrimination of allergy-relevant pollen (common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), white birch (Betula pendula), English oak (Quercus robur), and European linden (Tilia cordata)) has been studied by Raman microscopy. Spectra were obtained at different excitation wavelengths (514, 633, and 780 nm) and various methods were examined to minimize the strong fluorescence background. The use of a He-Ne laser (633 nm) for excitation yields high-quality single pollen Raman spectra, which contain multiple bands due to pollen components such as carotenoids, proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. Multivariate classification, i.e. principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis, demonstrated the validity of the approach for discrimination between different pollen species.
In recent years scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) has developed into a powerful surface analytical technique for observing specimens with lateral resolution equal to or even better than 100 nm. A large number of applications, from material science to biology, have been reported. In this paper, two different kinds of near-field optical microscopy, aperture and scattering-type SNOM, are reviewed together with recent studies in surface analysis and biology. Here, near-field optical techniques are discussed in comparison with related methods, such as scanning probe and standard optical microscopy, with respect to their specific advantages and fields of application.
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