PubMed · 15398656
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G I STANLEY. 1950. A mental bath.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15398656/
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CONTEXT: Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element but is neurotoxic at high doses. Showering with Mn-laden water has never been evaluated as a central nervous system (CNS) delivery vector for Mn, even though intranasally administered Mn in laboratory animals circumvents the blood-brain barrier and passes directly into the brain via olfactory pathways. OBJECTIVE: To review the literature on Mn and attempt to quantify potential human CNS exposure to manganese from showering. DATA SOURCES: We systematically searched Medline 11/9/02 and again on 3/9/04. The following search terms were used: manganese, water, drinking water, shower, showering, bath, bathing and inhalation, then combined with "water or drinking water or showering or shower or bathing or inhalation." STUDY SELECTION: Animal experimental investigations, human epidemiological studies, and consensus and governmental reports were utilized. DATA EXTRACTION: Data were extracted by both authors and extrapolations to humans were calculated by one of us (JGS) controlling for age, length of exposure and known respiratory differences between rats and humans. DATA SYNTHESIS: During a decade of showering in Mn-contaminated water, models for children and adults show higher doses of aerosolized Mn (3-fold and 112-fold greater, respectively) than doses reported to cause Mn brain deposition in rats. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term shower exposure to Mn-laden water may pose a significant risk for CNS neurotoxicity via olfactory uptake in up to 8.7 million Americans. If our results are confirmed, regulatory agencies must rethink existing Mn drinking water standards.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of bathing with water only or with mild pH neutral soap and water on skin flora of preterm newborns. METHOD: Randomized blinded clinical trial that enrolled 73 preterm newborns whose gestational age was between 28 and 35 weeks and birth weight between 800 and 1800 g. At the age of 3 days the infants were randomly assigned to a group that was given daily baths either with water only, or with soap and water for 7 or more days. Antibiotic treatment delayed onset of the trial in some preterm infants. On the final day of bathing axillary bacterial cultures were obtained before and 30 minutes after bathing. RESULTS: At the time of axillary culturing, the mean age of the newborns was 19 days. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus was the most prevalent microorganism in both groups. No significant difference was found in the count of microorganism colonies between both groups. The comparison of the number of bacterial colonies between the time before and after bath, carried out by repeated-measures ANOVA showed a significant difference over time in the two groups, without a significant difference between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Bathing preterm newborns with water only or with soap and water produces similar effects on skin colonization of a preterm neonate. Both are effective to decrease the number of colonies of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
OBJECTIVE: To study the significance of some clinical parameters related to neonatal 'swimming' (water therapy) during hospitalization. METHODS: Normal newborns were randomly divided into two groups to observe their birth weight, weight before discharge,time of first defecation and meconium turning yellow. Group one was the swimming (study) group, comprising a total of 223 newborns including 127 babies delivered after spontaneous vaginal delivery and 96 babies after Cesarean section. Group two was the bathing (control) group, comprising 154 newborns including 109 babies delivered after spontaneous vaginal delivery and 45 babies after Cesarean section. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in birth weight between the two groups (p > 0.05). However, the mean weight before discharge of the babies in the study group was 3.29 + 0.35 and 3.51 + 0.40 kg, spontaneous vaginal delivery vs. Cesarean section, compared with 3.09 + 0.38 and 3.17 + 0.48 kg, respectively, in the control group (p < 0.01). The corresponding mean times of meconium turning yellow were 39.15 + 15.88 and 39.02 + 13.60 h in the study group compared with 48.01 + 19.42 and 55.67 + 25.05 h in the control group. This difference was significant (p < 0.01), as was the difference between the time of first defecation (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Neonatal swimming can accelerate babies' growth in the early stage.