PubMed · 1538732
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P W Jungnickel, K A Cantral. 1992-03-19. Sucralfate.. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm199203193261214
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A method based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a diode array detection system was developed and validated aiming at the simultaneous determination of oleuropein (OE) and its metabolites, hydroxytyrosol (HT) and tyrosol (T), in human plasma. These phenolic components are believed to play a vital role in the prevention of coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis. The proposed method includes a clean-up solid-phase extraction procedure (using a C(18) column) with high recovery efficiency (85-100%). The statistical evaluation of the method reveals good linearity, accuracy and reproducibility for all the compounds analyzed with RSD values less than 6.5%, while the detection limit is 50 ng/ml for both OE and T and 75 ng/ml for HT. This assay can be employed in bioavailability studies of olive oil phenolic compounds, thus assisting the evaluation of their pharmacological role.
The solubilization and mineralization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a soil system amended with different surfactants was examined. Mineralization experiments were conducted with the addition of [14C]pyrene. An inoculum of the PAH-degrading microorganism, Pseudomonas putida, was investigated for its sensitivity towards four non-ionic and one anionic surfactants with different polyoxyethylene (POE) chain lengths. The addition of surfactant was found to enhance the bioavailability of naphthalene, phenanthrene and pyrene with efficiencies ranging from 21.1 to 60.6%, 33.3 to 62.8% and 26.8 to 70.9%, respectively. The enhanced efficiency followed the order of Brij 30, Triton X-100, Tween 80, and Brij 35, which is correlated with the polyoxyethylene chain of the surfactants. Brij 35 and Tween 80 inhibited the growth of P. putida. However, microorganisms can utilize Triton X-100 and Brij 30 as the sole carbon and energy sources at concentrations above CMC values. In the aqueous system without the addition of surfactants, microorganisms could mineralize [14C]pyrene to 14CO(2) which corresponds to 28% of mineralization. The addition of surfactants decreased the mineralization rate of pyrene. Also, the fraction of the micellar-phase pyrene that can be directly biodegraded decreased as the concentration of micelle increases. However, the mineralization rate can be enhanced by the amendment of Brij 30 when soil was applied to the cultures. This suggests that biodegradable surfactants can be applicable for increasing the bioavailability and mineralization of PAHs in soil systems.
The sources and potential availability of chromium (Cr) on soils formed on ultramafic rocks were investigated with mineralogical studies and selective chemical extractions. Soil solutions were collected in the field (i) along a soil toposequence under natural vegetation with ceramic cups; (ii) under grass in a mandarin trees plantation with tension-free tube lysimeters. On selected soil solutions, the Cr(VI) was determined colorimetrically with the s-diphenylcarbazide method and total Cr by ICP-AES and speciation of Cr(VI) was performed with the MINEQL+ V 4.5 software. The main mineralogical sources of Cr were Cr-substituted goethite and chromite. Up to 90 mg kg(-1) of Cr was extracted by KH(2)PO(4), whereas KCl extractable Cr was very low, indicating that exchangeable Cr was mainly in the highly toxic Cr(VI) form in these soils. Under natural vegetation, the Cr concentrations in the soil solutions remained relatively low (<20 microg l(-1)) due to the high retention of the Cr(VI) anions by Fe-oxides. The Cr concentrations were larger in well aerated colluvial soils, where high levels of Mn-oxides are able to oxidize Cr(III) to Cr(VI), than in piedmont soil where the Mn-oxide content is lower, or in alluvial soils from the lowlands, where waterlogging occurs. Cr concentrations reached 700 microg l(-1) in the field that was fertilized with high amount of phosphorus, due to the exchange of Cr(VI) with phosphate. In such conditions, toxicity phenomena for crops can be expected.