PubMed · 15328592
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National Toxicology Program. 2002. Phenacetin.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15328592/
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The fever is one of the commonest symptoms of disease in childhood. A mother's knowledge and conception of fever may determine the degree of her anxiety and fear, and reflect on the way the fever is managed at home. Our understanding of mothers' attitudes may help to improve the home management of fever by correcting unrealistic beliefs. Mothers of 100 children were randomly selected and interviewed to answer a questionnaire about fever. Sixty mothers thought that fever could lead to death, others thought that it might lead to paralysis, mental retardation or brain damage. This may explain their undue anxiety and fear when having a child with fever. Cold exposure, teething, exposure to sunlight and having a warm drink were considered as causes. A minority reduced the child's clothes during fever. Tap water sprinkling and occasionally alcohol were used. Ninety-four mothers used antipyretics, all used paracetamol and 23 per cent used aspirin. Sixty two used antibiotics indiscriminately. Improved health education is required to allay mothers fear and anxiety and promote a more appropriate fever management at home.
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Interleukin (IL)-2 is a potent modulator of neurotransmission and neuronal development in the mesolimbic and mesostriatal systems. It is also implicated in pathologies (including schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, autism, cognitive disorders) that are linked with abnormalities in these systems. Since the kainate receptor plays an essential role in mesolimbic neuronal development and excitability, we examined the effects of physiologically relevant concentrations of IL-2 on kainate-activated current (I(KA)) in voltage-clamped neurons freshly isolated from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of 3- to 14-day-old rats. IL-2 (0.01-10 ng/ml) alone had no effect on membrane conductance. When co-applied with kainate, IL-2 significantly decreased I(KA). IL-2 (2 ng/ml) shifted the kainate concentration-response curve to the right in a parallel manner, significantly increasing the EC(50) without changing the maximal I(KA). IL-2 inhibition of I(KA) was voltage-dependent, being greater at negative potentials. IL-2 did not alter the reversal potential. These findings suggest that IL-2 potently modulates kainate receptors of developing mesolimbic neurons. We suggest that IL-2 plays a role in the excitability of developing neurons in the mesolimbic system. Inasmuch as increased I(KA) is associated with excitotoxicity, coupled with the present observation that IL-2 inhibits I(KA), we suggest an adaptive role for IL-2 in limiting excitotoxicity in the developing brain. IL-2 might thus be required for normal cell development in the mesolimbic and mesostriatal systems.