PubMed · 15127462
The Joint Commission has revised core standards in the Education chapter of the Comprehensive Accreditation Manual for Hospitals.
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K Hoffner. 2000. Education expectations more consistent.. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006247-200011000-00010
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This paper provides a first application of the techniques of benefits transfer to the health economics literature. These techniques seek to transfer the value of some good from one 'survey' context to a new 'policy' context so avoiding the need for new valuation surveys each time a new policy question arises. Two approaches to benefits transfer are assessed: the simple transfer of mean values and the transferral of value functions. We develop a new methodology for the latter approach in which value functions are iteratively built up from theoretical principles with transfer errors being tested each time a new variable is added. Through a novel application of advanced statistical tests we show that this approach outperforms the transferral of statistically driven Best-fit functions. The case study presented focuses upon the transfer of contingent valuation (CV) willingness to pay (WTP) estimates and associated value functions for reducing the health risks associated with solar ultraviolet (UV) exposure. Common format studies are conducted in four countries with transfers between all of these being undertaken. By calculating errors in predicted versus actual values across countries we show that, when transferring between similar contexts, simple mean-value transfers outperform more complex value function transfers (with the magnitude of the former errors being encouragingly small). However, this result is reversed when transfers are undertaken across dissimilar contexts where value functions partially adjust for these differences. In summary these findings provide support and guidance for future applications.
This paper presents a comparison of willingness to pay (WTP) estimates generated from a dichotomous choice (DC) contingent valuation experiment and a choice experiment (CE). The study was conducted with subjects undergoing assisted reproductive techniques in the Grampian area of Scotland. Subjects first completed a DC WTP questionnaire. They were sent a CE questionnaire two months later. Welfare estimates for the DC WTP study and CE were not significantly different. Important research questions are raised concerning the validity of the various approaches to estimating WTP.
This study presents an in-depth investigation of out-of-pocket payments for health services, formal and informal, in the Republic of Georgia. The main purpose of the study is to: (a) analyze the process of collection and distribution of out-of-pocket or direct payments and particularly of the informal component; (b) explain why they seem to be so prevalent; (c) investigate their consequences, especially on access and quality of health care services. The findings of this study are derived from in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with users as well as providers. The study found that in general paying for health services in Georgia has become a really common and mostly accepted practice, and that a significant share of these payments are completely unrecorded. The extent of direct payments for health services are producing severe consequences on both equity and efficiency, making services unaffordable for most people, and leading to under funding of essential inputs. The policy implications of the study findings are challenging. First, the study clearly points out the deep-rooted and multidimensional reasons why out-of-pocket payments are pervasive, and why an important share of them is collected informally. Second, the study highlights that there is no simple solution. In particular, some of the solutions frequently proposed in the international debate, such as simply formalizing user charges, in the Georgian context appear impractical.