PubMed · 15035452
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R Hakimi. 2004-01-22. [How does it function? Hematogenous oxidation therapy].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15035452/
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When nanoparticles are injected into the blood for drug delivery or drug detoxification, detrimental interaction of these particles with blood constituents must be avoided. In previous studies, the adsorption of albumin immunoglobulin G, and fibrinogen from blood plasma to a model hydrophobic polymer like polystyrene was investigated as was decreasing surface hydrophobicity, which quantitatively leads to decreasing amounts of adsorbed proteins on latex particles. However, the uptake of other blood constituents, such as inorganic blood electrolytes, by particles and the dispersion/coagulation characteristics of these particles in the blood stream have not been fully studied. Most importantly, the effect s of these particles on blood coagulation and hemolysis are not well known. In the present study, the poly(lactide-co-glycolide) acid(PLGA) nanoparticles were synthesized by using nanoprecipitation. The uptake of blood electrolytes from simulated blood fluid (SBF) and the stability (dispersion/aggregation) of nanoparticles in SBF was examined by using different loading amounts of PLGA and different contact time between PLGA nanoparticles and SBF. The interaction of particles with the organic components of blood was also studied by using the measurement of red blood cell hemolysis and blood clotting with raw PLGA, surfactant modified PLGA, and PEGylated PLGA.
Gradiflow is new technology allowing purification of important blood proteins from viral contaminated plasma. Protein purification is based on unique scalable tangential-flow preparative electrophoresis, and is distinct from current technology because protein purification and virus removal are performed in the same step. This one-step removal and purification exploits both the size and charge of target proteins. The medically important blood proteins, immunoglobulin G (IgG) and alpha-1-antitrypsin, were chosen to demonstrate the ability of this process to purify proteins from contaminated plasma. Clearance factors achieved by infectivity assays and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that meet regulatory requirements demonstrated removal of canine parvovirus (CPV). CPV is a model virus for pathogenic nonenveloped viruses, including parvovirus B19, not adequately removed or inactivated by most processes currently in practice. The recovery of proteins from plasma with high purity, recovery, and function, while simultaneously removing viruses, provides blood products with a level of purity compatible with clinical use more quickly and cheaply than available techniques.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: We seek to compare and contrast the mechanisms of blood photocoagulation under 532 and 1,064 nm laser irradiation in vitro in order to better understand the in vivo observations. We also seek to validate a finite element model (FEM) developed to study the thermodynamics of coagulation. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: We study the photocoagulation of whole blood in vitro at 532 and 1,064 nm using time-domain spectroscopic and optical coherence tomography (OCT)-based imaging techniques. We model the coagulation using an FEM program that includes the latent heat of vaporization (LHV) of water, consideration of the pulse shape of the laser, and the bathochromic shift in the hemoglobin absorption spectrum. RESULTS: We find significant similarities in the spectroscopic, chemical, and structural changes occurring in hemoglobin and in the blood matrix during photocoagulation despite the very large difference in the absorption coefficients. The more uniform temperature profile developed by the deeper-penetrating 1,064 nm laser allows us to resolve the structural phase transition in the red blood cells (going from biconcave disc to spherocyte) and the chemical transition creating met-hemoglobin. We find that the RBC morphology transition happens first, and that the met-Hb transition happens at a much higher temperature ( > 90 degrees C) than is found in slow bath heating. The FEM analysis with the LHV constraint and bathochromic shift predicts accurately the imaging results in both cases, and can be used to show that at 1,064 nm there is the potential for a runaway increase in absorption during the laser pulse. CONCLUSIONS: Photothermally mediated processes dominate the in vitro coagulation dynamics in both regimes despite the difference in absorption coefficients. There is a significant risk under 1,064 nm irradiation of vascular lesions in vivo that the dynamic optical properties of blood will cause runaway absorption and heating. This may in turn explain some recent results at this wavelength where full-thickness burns resulted from laser treatment.