PubMed · 14878199
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A DENIER. 1951. [Electro-anesthesia].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14878199/
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Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is increasingly utilized in clinical neurology and neuroscience. However, detailed knowledge of the impact and specificity of the effects of TMS on brain activity remains unresolved. We have used 14C-labeled deoxyglucose (14C-2DG) mapping during repetitive TMS (rTMS) of the posterior and inferior parietal cortex in anesthetized cats to study, with exquisite spatial resolution, the local and distant effects of rTMS on brain activity. High-frequency rTMS decreases metabolic activity at the primary site of stimulation with respect to homologue areas in the unstimulated hemisphere. In addition, rTMS induces specific distant effects on cortical and subcortical regions known to receive substantial efferent projections from the stimulated cortex. The magnitude of this distal impact is correlated with the strength of the anatomical projections. Thus, in the anesthetized animal, the impact of rTMS is upon a distributed network of structures connected to the primary site of application.
The purpose of this review is to alert non-anaesthesiologists to the various complications from which patients with neuromuscular disorders and those susceptible to malignant hyperthermia can suffer during anaesthesia. The patient's outcome correlates with the quality of consultation between anaesthesiologists, surgeons, neurologists and cardiologists. Special precautions must be taken, since many anaesthetics and muscle relaxants can aggravate the clinical features or trigger life-threatening reactions. Complications frequently occur in these patients, although anaesthetic procedures have become safer by the reduced administration of suxamethonium and the use of total intravenous anaesthesia, new volatile anaesthetics and non-depolarising relaxants. This review provides a synopsis of pre-operative anaesthetic considerations and adverse drug effects on skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle tissue. It describes the pathogenetic aspects of typical complications and introduces anaesthetic procedures for the various neuromuscular disorders, including regional anaesthesia for patients in whom a restriction of respiratory and/or cardiac function is predicted.
The application of mustard oil (MO), a small-fibre excitant and inflammatory irritant, into neck paraspinal muscles of the rat has been shown to produce a significant reflexive increase in electromyographic (EMG) activity in both neck and jaw muscles. It is possible that this nociceptive reflex activity is influenced by muscle length since recent evidence indicates that abnormal neck posture may be associated with cervical musculoskeletal disorders and pain. Therefore, the aim of this study was to test if muscle length modulates this nociceptive reflex response. Three different experimental procedures were employed in rats under halothane anesthesia: (1) MO injected into the left deep neck muscles with the rat placed in a straight body position (Straight group, n = 7); (2) MO injected into lengthened left deep neck muscles with the rat's neck rotated 45 degrees to the right with respect to the head (Stretched group, n = 11); and (3) MO injected into the right deep neck muscles with the rat's neck rotated 45 degrees to the right (Relaxed group, n = 9). The EMG activity of the deep neck, trapezius, and digastric muscles was bilaterally recorded, rectified and integrated into area under the curve (AUC). Control injections of the vehicle, mineral oil, did not evoke any muscle activity but MO evoked EMG activity in the ipsilateral deep neck and trapezius muscles of the Stretched group that was significantly greater than that evoked in the same muscles in the Straight and Relaxed groups. Also, the MO-evoked EMG activity in the contralateral deep neck muscles of the Stretched and Relaxed groups was greater than that of the corresponding muscles in the Straight group. The MO-evoked activity in the digastric, a jaw muscle whose length was not changed, did not show any significant difference between the three groups. These findings indicate that MO application to the rat deep neck muscles results in a larger nociceptive reflex in deep neck and trapezius muscles when they are stretched. This enhanced muscle activity could be associated with changes in the susceptibility of the neck muscles to pain or damage.