PubMed · 14875276
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JANETZKE. 1951. [Confinement without due process].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14875276/
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A non-medical personnel staff in enterprises may handle workers' health information in Japan, because occupational health legislation requires employers to keep records of workers' health examination results and to improve the working environment and the work based on the health status of each worker. Meanwhile, the notion of privacy developed in the 20th century and control over one's own personal information is now regarded as an important human right. For example, sensitive information such as health information may not be handled without consent from the person involved. Therefore, occupational health services in Japan have been exposed to high risks of workers' privacy being violated. The Health Promotion Law and the Personal Information Protection Law have been promulgated in succession in Japan, and we have already experienced court cases requiring damage from violation of privacy. However, some surveys of workers revealed that the awareness of these problems was not high, and the opinion for privacy protection differs depending on the types of health information. Occupational health professionals should be required to balance the value of proper usage and protection of the workers' health information by referring to the ethical guidelines.
This article addresses an emerging policy problem in the United States participation in the electoral process by citizens with dementia. At present, health care professionals, family caregivers, and long-term care staff lack adequate guidance to decide whether individuals with dementia should be precluded from or assisted in casting a ballot. Voting by persons with dementia raises a series of important questions about the autonomy of individuals with dementia, the integrity of the electoral process, and the prevention of fraud. Three subsidiary issues warrant special attention: development of a method to assess capacity to vote; identification of appropriate kinds of assistance to enable persons with cognitive impairment to vote; and formulation of uniform and workable policies for voting in long-term care settings. In some instances, extrapolation from existing policies and research permits reasonable recommendations to guide policy and practice. However, in other instances, additional research is necessary.