PubMed · 14869757
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1951-10-13. OUR daily bread.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14869757/
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Previous studies with chromosome substitution and recombinant inbred chromosome lines identified that chromosome 3A of wheat cv. Wichita contains alleles that influence grain yield, yield components and agronomic performance traits relative to alleles on chromosome 3A of Cheyenne, a cultivar believed to be the founder parent of many Nebraska developed cultivars. This study was carried out to examine the genetic similarity among wheat cultivars based on the variation in chromosome 3A. Forty-eight cultivars, two promising lines and four substitution lines (in duplicate) were included in the study. Thirty-six chromosome 3A-specific and 12 group-3 barley simple sequence repeat (SSR) primer pairs were used. A total of 106 polymorphic bands were scored. Transferability of barley microsatellite markers to wheat was 73%. The coefficient of genetic distance (D) among the genotypes ranged from 0.40 to 0.91 and averaged D=0.66. Cluster analysis by the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages showed one large and one small cluster with eight minor clusters in the large cluster. Several known pedigree relationships largely corresponded with the results of SSR clusters and principal coordinate analysis. Cluster analysis was also carried out by using 22 alleles that separate Wichita 3A from Cheyenne 3A, and three clusters were identified (a small cluster related to Cheyenne of mainly western Nebraska wheat cultivars; a larger, intermediate cluster with many modern Nebraska wheat cultivars; a large cluster related to Wichita with many modern high-yielding or Kansas wheat cultivars). Using three SSR markers that identify known agronomically important quantitative trait loci (QTL) regions, we again separated the cultivars into three main clusters that were related to Cheyenne or Wichita, or had a different 3A lineage. These results suggest that SSR markers linked to agronomically important QTLs are a valuable asset for estimating both genetic similarity for chromosome 3A and how the chromosome has been used in cultivar improvement.
The contribution to monochloropropanediol (MCPD) levels in cooked wheat flour dough from glycero lipid precursors present in white flour and flour improver agents has been investigated. The results showed that monoacylglycerols, lysophospholipids, and phosphatidylglycerols present in white flour together with diacetyl tartaric acid esters of monoacylglycerols used in flour improvers were precursors of MCPDs. Diacyl- and triacylglycerols and phosphatidylchloline did not form measurable levels of MCPDs. Precursor compounds with -OH adjacent to phosphoryl or acyl groups on the glycerol skeleton were able to form MCPDs suggesting that the formation reaction involved a neighboring group mechanism. The relative rates and regioselectivity could be explained by differences in leaving group abilities and the steric and electronic effects of the acyl and phosphoryl groups, respectively. Kinetic data obtained from the addition of high purity reference lipids were used to quantify the potential contribution to MCPDs in wheat dough.