PubMed · 1483253
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M G Unger. Scalp reduction.. https://doi.org/10.1016/0738-081x(92)90078-d
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Cataract prevalence increases with age. As the world's population ages, cataract-induced visual dysfunction and blindness is on the increase. This is a significant global problem. The challenges are to prevent or delay cataract formation, and treat that which does occur. Genetic and environmental factors contribute to cataract formation. However, reducing ocular exposure to UV-B radiation and stopping smoking are the only interventions that can reduce factors that affect the risk of cataract. The cure for cataract is surgery, but this is not equally available to all, and the surgery which is available does not produce equal outcomes. Readily available surgical services capable of delivering good vision rehabilitation must be acceptable and accessible to all in need, no matter what their circumstances. To establish and sustain these services requires comprehensive strategies that go beyond a narrow focus on surgical technique. There must be changes in government priorities, population education, and an integrated approach to surgical and management training. This approach must include supply of start-up capital equipment, establishment of surgical audit, resupply of consumables, and cost-recovery mechanisms. Considerable innovation is required. Nowhere is this more evident than in the pursuit of secure funding for ongoing services.
A total of 752 dromedaries were examined and 75% were found to be harbouring nematode eggs. The mean EPG was 1831 and the range was from 100 to 21,200. The prevalence rates in the four-age groups examined were 59.6% (3-7 years), 72.4% (8-12 years), 76.1% (13-17 years) and 83.9% (18-22 years). The prevalence rate for females and males were 77.6 and 64.8%, respectively and for long dry, short rainy, short dry and long rainy seasons were 66, 80, 69 and 82.6%, respectively. The mean EPG of faeces was significantly (P<0.01) higher for older animals compared to other group of younger animals (3-7 years), for females compared to males, and for rainy compared to dry season. Sixteen dromedary gastrointestinal organs were used for identification and counts of helminths. Among the adult worms identified, from the abomasum, Haemonchus longistipes had a 94% prevalence rate. From the small intestine Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Trichostrongylus probolurus, Impalaia tuberculata and Strongyloides papillosus were identified with prevalence rates of 75, 25, 63 and 20%, respectively. Moreover, cestodes such as Moniezia benedeni, Moniezia expansa, Avitellina spp. and Stilesia globipunctata with prevalence rates of 31, 13, 25 and 19%, respectively, were identified. I. tuberculata was identified for the first time in this country from a dromedary.The pathological lesions were more pronounced in higher infestations. Infestation level over approximately 1000 of H. longistipes and 15,000 in mixed infection of T. colubriformis and I. tuberculata, caused gross lesions of ulcerated and hyperaemic mucosa, and the odour of the fluid were fetid. The microscopic lesions observed were sloughing of epithelium, necrosis of glands, atrophy and loss of villi, haemorrhages and cellular infiltration mainly of eosinophiles and lymphocytes.
An epidemiologic study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of and to identify factors associated with the risk of Cryptosporidium infection in sheep in Zaragoza (northeastern Spain). Faecal samples from 583 lambs aged from 1 day to 3 months and 205 ewes older than 1 year were collected at 89 farms in the two regions of the province of Zaragoza with the highest sheep population (Zaragoza and Ejea de los Caballeros). In every sheep farm, data of the factors potentially associated with the likelihood of C. parvum infection were analysed: geographical location, season, size of herd, number of lambs in the herd at sampling time, lambing period, cleaning of lambing area and presence of diarrhoeic lambs in the farm. C. parvum oocysts were identified by using the Ziehl-Neelsen technique in 344 lambs (59%) from 75 farms (84.4%). Infected lambs ranged from less than 7 days to 90 days of age, although the percentage of animals shedding oocysts peaked at 8-14 days of age (76.2%). Statistical analysis showed that infection rates were significantly higher in lambs aged between 1 and 21 days (66.4%) than in those aged between 22 and 90 days (23%) (P<0.0001, chi(2)). Analysis of correlation between excretion of oocysts and diarrhoea revealed a relationship in all age groups and the probability of presenting diarrhoea was significantly higher for lambs shedding oocysts (86.3%) than for those which did not excrete the parasite (32.2%) (P<0.0001, chi(2)). Similarly, cryptosporidial infection rates were significantly higher in diarrhoeic (79.4%) than in non-diarrhoeic lambs (22.4%). Furthermore, infection intensity was correlated with the presence of clinical symptoms. Presence of diarrhoeic lambs in the farm was the only factor significantly associated with an increased risk of infection since the percentage of herds testing positive was significantly higher in farms with diarrhoeic lambs (91.3%) than in those without cases of neonatal diarrhoea (12.5%) (P<0.0001, chi(2)). Factors associated with a decreased risk of C. parvum infection in lambs included low numbers of lambs in the farm and cleaning of the lambing area. Additionally, lambs 8-14 days of age were less likely to be infected at the first lambing period and in spring/autumn. Cryptosporidial infection was also detected in 16 ewes (7.8%) which excreted few oocysts and without diarrhoea.