PubMed · 14790290
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J T HUGILL. 1950. Liver function and anesthesia.. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-195009000-00005
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To clarify the jaw-closer and tongue-retractor muscle activity patterns during mastication, electromyographic activity of the styloglossus (SG) as a tongue-retractor and masseter (Mass) as a jaw-closer muscles as well as jaw-movement trajectories were recorded during cortically evoked rhythmic jaw movements (CRJMs) in anesthetized rabbits. The SG and Mass muscles were mainly active during the jaw-closing (Cl) phase. The SG activity was composed of two bursts in one masticatory cycle; one had its peak during the jaw-opening (Op) phase (SG1 burst) and the other during the Cl phase (SG2 burst). The Mass activity during the Cl phase was dominant on the working side (opposite to the stimulating side) while the SG1 and SG2 bursts were not different between the sides. When the wooden stick was inserted between the molar teeth on the working side during CRJMs, the facilitatory effects on the SG1 and SG2 bursts on both sides were noted as well as those on the Mass bursts, but the effects on the SG1 burst seemed to be weak as compared with those on the Mass and SG2 bursts. The difference in the burst timing between the sides was noted only in the SG1 burst. When the trigeminal nerves were blocked, the peak and area of the SG and Mass burst decreased during CRJMs, and the facilitatory effects of the wooden stick application on the muscles were not noted. The results suggest that the jaw and tongue muscle activities may be adjusted to chew the food and make the food bolus.
The i.v. agent etomidate exerts its anaesthetic actions through potentiation of gamma-aminobutyric acid-A receptors containing beta2 and beta3 subunits. It was recently shown that the beta2 subunit contributes to the sedative properties of etomidate, whereas the beta3 subunit is responsible for its anaesthetic properties. However, these studies evaluated anaesthetic effects in point mutation mice in which the effect of etomidate was decreased, but not abolished, at the beta2 subunit. Here we have used beta2 knockout mice to completely remove any contribution of the beta2 subunit to the effects of etomidate. Etomidate was equally anaesthetic in wildtype and knockout mice, thus further confirming that efficacy at the beta3 subunit only is sufficient to induce general anaesthesia.
CASE REPORT: The particularities of the surgical procedure for the separation of craniopagi twins performed at UCLA in 2002 are presented. The main difficulty for the neurosurgeons was that the twins shared a common sagittal sinus and that one of the sisters had a poorly developed collateral venous system, thus anticipating a set of postoperative clinical problems. During surgery, the response of the brain to the progressive occlusion of the venous bridges was monitored with EEG and Doppler ultrasound. One of the sisters had a large intracerebral hematoma that was evacuated and later developed hydrocephalus, which was treated with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. OUTCOME: One of the sisters had a basically uneventful recovery while the other contracted E. coli meningitis 8 months after surgery, thus impairing her motor and cognitive development. DISCUSSION: The details and intricacies of the anesthesia and plastic surgery are also outlined.