PubMed · 14787186
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E BARTOLOMUCCI. 1950-10-14. [Amniotic hernia].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14787186/
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Human-amniotic WISH cells express the lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor, LPA(1), LPA(2) but not LPA(3). When WISH cells were stimulated with LPA, phospholipase D (PLD) activation was dramatically induced via a cytosolic calcium increase and protein kinase C activation. We also found that LPA stimulated two kinds of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 kinase via PLD-dependent signaling pathways in WISH cells. In terms of the LPA-mediated functional modulation of WISH cells, we observed that LPA stimulates the induction of two early genes (c-Jun and c-Fos) and cellular proliferation in WISH cells. We examined the signaling pathways involved in LPA-mediated cellular responses. LPA-induced early gene induction was completely blocked by normal butanol (n-butanol) but not by t-butanol, suggesting that PLD activity is essentially required for the process. PD98059 (2'-amino-3'-methoxyflavone) but not SB203580 (4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-methylsulfinylphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)1H-imidazole) also significantly blocked LPA-induced early gene induction, suggesting a crucial role for ERK. Pertussis toxin (PTX) did not affect on the LPA-induced early gene induction and ERK activation, ruling out the role of Gi/o protein(s) in the process. The cellular proliferation of WISH cells was also dramatically inhibited by n-butanol or PD98059. This study demonstrates the physiological role of LPA on the modulation of early gene induction and on WISH cell proliferation, and the crucial role played by PLD in the process.
To evaluate the re-closure promoting capacity of human embryonic stem (hES) cells injected into the amniotic cavity on spinal open neural tube defects (ONTDs) of chick embryos, neural tubes were opened at Hamburger and Hamilton stage 18 or 19 and the embryos were divided into three groups: a control group (no injection), a vehicle group, and a hES cell group (injection of 20,000 hES cells immediately after neural tube incision). On postoperative days 3, 5, and 7, ONTDs were significantly more re-closed in the hES cell group than in the other two groups. hES cells were present at the area in the process of re-closure, and covered ONTDs, but were not found in the re-closed area, suggesting indirect effects rather than cell replacement on the neural tissue.
The present study evaluated the secretions of interleukin (IL)-1beta and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha by fetal membranes stimulated with group B streptococci (GBS) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The aim was to evaluate the initial response of full-thickness membranes to the microbial insult using an in vitro experimental model that allowed testing of the individual contributions of amnion and choriodecidua to stimulation. Full-thickness membranes were obtained after delivery by elective cesarean section from women at 37-40 wk of gestation without evidence of active labor. The membranes were mounted in Transwell devices, physically separating the upper and lower chambers. The LPS (500 ng/ml) or GBS (1 x 10(6) colony-forming units/ml) was added to either the amniotic or choriodecidual surface, and accumulation of IL-1beta and TNFalpha were measured in both compartments using a specific ELISA. Fetal membranes followed different patterns of secretion of proinflammatory cytokines that depended on the side to which the stimulus was added or the nature of the stimulus itself. The TNFalpha was secreted by amnion and choriodecidua in the presence of LPS or GBS, and stimulation with GBS induced a greater synthesis of IL-1beta than did stimulation with LPS. Choriodecidual tissue was more responsive than amniotic tissue, and this response tended to be higher even when the stimulation was only on the amniotic side. However, the amnion plays an active role in recognizing LPS or GBS, contributing a significant amount of TNFalpha. Thus, cooperative and bidirectional communications occur between amnion and choriodecidua in response to bacterial products, which include intermembranous cytokine traffic and signaling between tissues.