PubMed · 14743676
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Thomas A Krouskop, Janet Davis. 2003. Under the surface.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14743676/
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OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of risk factors and the incidence of cot death (sudden infant death syndrome; SIDS) in the Netherlands during the last 25 years. DESIGN: Descriptive. METHOD: The incidence of cot death/SIDS in infants aged 7-365 days in 1980-2004 was derived from Statistics Netherlands, the Dutch Central Bureau of Statistics. The prevalence of risk factors for cot death/SIDS in the general population was derived from national surveys of baby clinics (0-9 months; 1985-2004) and studies of cot death/SIDS victims (0-23 months; 1984-1991 and 1996/'04). RESULTS: The prevalence of the following risk factors for cot death/SIDS has decreased: primary prone sleeping position (from 60% to 8%), the use of a duvet (from 85% to 18%), maternal smoking (from 34% to 20%), paternal smoking (from 48% to 32%). The prevalence of routine bed-sharing with a parent increased from nearly 0% to 5%. The registered incidence of cot death/SIDS per 100,000 live births decreased from 103 in 1986 to < 15 in 2003 and 2004. The incidence of cot deaths/SIDS that occurred during habitual bed-sharing with a parent, in a playpen, in child-care settings, or in a secondary prone sleeping position increased. CONCLUSION: The incidence of cot death/SIDS and the prevalence of known risk factors for cot death/SIDS has decreased. New risk factors have emerged in recent years. Considering the evolving conditions of infant care, an ongoing study on the special features of child care and the factors involved in cases of cot death/SIDS is warranted. This knowledge is essential for periodic adaptation of the national prevention programme.
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As textiles sent to hospital laundries contain many types of pathogenic organisms, it is important that laundering not only has an appropriate cleaning effect but also has a satisfactory disinfecting effect. Critical to this process is the maintenance of an appropriate hygiene level in the clean area of laundries in order to prevent recontamination of textiles from manual handling when ironing, folding, packing etc. The aims of this study were to evaluate the hygienic state of a hospital laundry, to introduce continuous sanitary measures, and to introduce a continuous hygiene monitoring system with an infection control programme. Two systems for evaluating hospital laundry hygiene were combined: HACCP principles (hazard analysis and critical control points) and RAL-GZ 992 standards (quality assurance standard for textile care of hospital laundry). Evaluation of the hygienic state of the hospital laundry was carried out by evaluating the number and types of micro-organisms present at the critical control points throughout the whole laundering process, using RODAC agar plates for surface sampling and the pour plate method for investigating water samples. The initial examination showed that the sanitary condition of the laundry did not reach the required hygiene level. Therefore, fundamental sanitation measures were instituted and the examination was repeated. Results were then satisfactory. The most important critical control point was the chemothermal laundering efficiency of the laundering process. To prevent micro-organisms spreading into the entire clean working area, it is important that, in addition to regular sanitary measures such as cleaning/disinfecting all working areas, technical equipment and storage shelves etc., regular education sessions for laundry employees on proper hand hygiene is undertaken and effective separation of the clean and dirty working areas is achieved.