PubMed · 14569957
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Fred I Grunder. PAT Program report: background and current status.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14569957/
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This paper reports on radon concentrations in dwellings from fifty different locations of India. The incorporated data were obtained using the passive solid state nuclear track detector technique. The estimated geometric mean value for India is 67.1 Bq m(-3). Chuadanga in Bangladesh had the lowest observed indoor radon concentration of 27.3 Bq m(-3) and Una in the northern part of India had the highest concentration of 281.5 Bq m(-3). This paper discusses the national geometrical mean value in terms of the national geometric mean values of other countries and also in terms of the geological influence. The estimated indoor radon levels are compared with the indoor radon levels as recommended by the International Commission on Radiation Protection (ICRP). It was observed that there are several locations in India where dwellings have higher indoor radon levels than the ICRP recommended value and requires some sort of intervention from regulating authorities. The mean value for indoor radon level given in the report of UNSCEAR 2000 for India needs to be revised.
We examined CYP1A1 (I462V) and GSTM1 null polymorphisms in 200 female cases and 144 female controls selected from a population-based case-control study of lung cancer conducted in northeast China, where the rates of lung cancer among Chinese women are especially high. The CYP1A1 codon 462 point mutation in exon 7 (I462V) causes an Ile-Val substitution near the heme binding site. This mutation correlates with inducibility of aryl hydrocarbon hydrolase (AHH) activity, which activates polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in tobacco smoke and in indoor air pollution from coal-burning stoves, a risk factor for lung cancer in this study population. We found that the CYP1A1 I462V genotype (combined ile/val and val/val) was significantly associated with lung cancer risk. The odds ratio (OR) was 2.5 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.55-4.03) after adjustment for significant risk factors such as age, ever smoking status, family history of cancer, and eye irritation when cooking. The association was more pronounced among non-smokers (OR=3.67; 95% CI, 1.85-7.28) than among smokers (OR=1.74, 95% CI, 0.85-3.54). In contrast, we did not find a significant association with the GSTM1 null genotype. In summary, our case-control study of lung cancer among women in northeast China revealed an elevated risk associated with the CYP1A1 I462V genotype, but no interaction with smoking or indoor air pollution was found.
BACKGROUND: Children with asthma who live in the inner city are exposed to multiple indoor allergens and environmental tobacco smoke in their homes. Reductions in these triggers of asthma have been difficult to achieve and have seldom been associated with decreased morbidity from asthma. The objective of this study was to determine whether an environmental intervention tailored to each child's allergic sensitization and environmental risk factors could improve asthma-related outcomes. METHODS: We enrolled 937 children with atopic asthma (age, 5 to 11 years) in seven major U.S. cities in a randomized, controlled trial of an environmental intervention that lasted one year (intervention year) and included education and remediation for exposure to both allergens and environmental tobacco smoke. Home environmental exposures were assessed every six months, and asthma-related complications were assessed every two months during the intervention and for one year after the intervention. RESULTS: For every 2-week period, the intervention group had fewer days with symptoms than did the control group both during the intervention year (3.39 vs. 4.20 days, P<0.001) and the year afterward (2.62 vs. 3.21 days, P<0.001), as well as greater declines in the levels of allergens at home, such as Dermatophagoides farinae (Der f1) allergen in the bed (P<0.001) and on the bedroom floor (P=0.004), D. pteronyssinus in the bed (P=0.007), and cockroach allergen on the bedroom floor (P<0.001). Reductions in the levels of cockroach allergen and dust-mite allergen (Der f1) on the bedroom floor were significantly correlated with reduced complications of asthma (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Among inner-city children with atopic asthma, an individualized, home-based, comprehensive environmental intervention decreases exposure to indoor allergens, including cockroach and dust-mite allergens, resulting in reduced asthma-associated morbidity.