PubMed · 14503178
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Pat Donovan. 2003. Rack 'em up!. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14503178/
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BACKGROUND: This study examined associations between perceptions of the local neighborhood and walking and cycling among children. METHODS: Children aged 5-6 years (n=291) and 10-12 years (n=919) were recruited from 19 Australian primary schools. Parents reported their child's usual walking or cycling to local destinations and their perceptions of their neighborhood. Ten- to twelve-year-olds were asked their perceptions of traffic, strangers, road safety and sporting venues, and their perceptions of their parent's views on these issues. RESULTS: Five- to six-year-old boys whose parents believed there was heavy traffic in their area were 2.8 times more likely (95%CI=1.1-6.8), and 5- to 6-year-old girls whose parents owned more than one car were 70% less likely (95%CI=0.1-0.8), and whose parents believed that public transport was limited in their area were 60% less likely (95%CI=0.2-0.9) than other children to walk or cycle at least three times per week. Parental belief that there were no lights or crossings was associated with walking or cycling among 10- to 12-year-old boys (OR=0.4, 95%CI=0.2-0.7). Among older girls, parent's belief that their child needed to cross several roads to reach play areas (OR=0.4, 95%CI=0.2-0.8) and that there is limited public transport in their area (OR=0.7, 95%CI=0.4-0.97), and child's belief that there were no parks or sports grounds near home (OR=0.5, 95%CI=0.3-0.8) were associated with a lower likelihood of walking or cycling. CONCLUSION: Perceptions of the local neighborhood may influence children's physical activity.
AIM AND BACKGROUND: Changes in regulatory and structural gene expression provide the molecular basis for the adaptation of human skeletal muscle to endurance exercise. HYPOTHESIS: The steady-state levels of multiple mRNAs mainly involved in regulatory functions differ between highly endurance-trained and untrained subjects in a muscle heavily recruited during the exercise. METHODS: Biopsies from musculus vastus lateralis of seven untrained (UT) subjects [maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) = 39 mL kg-1 min-1] and seven trained (T) professional cyclists (VO2max = 72 mL kg-1 min-1) were analysed for the contents of 597 different mRNAs using commercially available cDNA arrays (Clontech no. 7740-1). Intra-individual expression profiles were compared by least-square linear regression analysis. Differences in gene expression between the two groups were tested for statistical significance using L1 regression analysis combined with the sign test on all permutations of scatter plots of log raw values from UT vs. T subjects. RESULTS: Transcripts for 144 of 597 genes were sufficiently abundant to be analysed quantitatively. The expression profiles of the T group had a better intragroup correlation (R2) than those of the UT group (0.78 vs. 0.65, P < 0.05). An intergroup (T vs. UT) correlation of expression profiles gave an R2 of 0.71. Statistical analysis at a false discovery rate of 5% identified differential expression of nine cell-regulatory genes between T and UT. The mRNA levels of eight genes, including two DNA repair enzymes, transcription factors, signal transducers, a glycolytic enzyme and a factor involved in steroid hormone metabolism were increased in T vs. UT. Conversely, the mRNA of the tumour suppressor APC was downregulated with endurance training. Selective reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction experiments confirmed the signal estimates from the array analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The repetitive impact of the complex exercise stimuli in professional cyclists attenuated the interindividual differences in regulatory gene expression in skeletal muscle. Long-term nuclear reprogramming of regulatory gene expression seems to be characteristic of human musculus vastus lateralis in a highly endurance-trained steady state.
PURPOSE: This report aims to increase awareness of an unusual mechanism of orbital injury sustained by bicycle riders. METHODS: In this retrospective small case series, we describe two cases of orbital injury caused by upper eyelid penetration. A 5-year-old boy (patient 1) and a 6-year-old boy (patient 2) presented to our service within a 2-week period. Both had been injured by similarly styled, handlebar-mounted bicycle hand brake levers. Patient 1 had an orbital roof fracture and penetrating brain injury and underwent repair of a left upper eyelid laceration, craniotomy for pseudoencephalocele, and ptosis repair. Patient 2 had orbital hemorrhage and underwent repair of left upper eyelid laceration. RESULTS: In both cases, a handlebar-mounted bicycle hand brake lever perforated the left eyelid when the rider fell onto it. Neither patient was wearing protective headwear or eyewear. Two months after surgery, patient 1 had 20/25 visual acuity OU and excellent cosmetic appearance. Patient 2 had baseline amblyopic vision 2 days after surgery but moved from town and was lost to follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Orbit injuries from bicycle brake levers are rare, and helmets or protective eyewear probably would not have prevented these injuries. However, a change in the design and/or mounting location of handlebar-mounted brake levers might help prevent further injuries of this type.