PubMed · 14428246
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A ODA. 1959. Studies on paper complement fixation test.. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1348-0421.1959.tb00099.x
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A new approach is reported for analysis of ultrasmall volumes. It takes advantage of the versatile positioning of a dispenser to shoot approximately 150-pL droplets of liquid onto a specific location of a substrate where analysis is performed rapidly, in a fraction of the time that it takes for the droplet to evaporate. In this report, the site where the liquid is dispensed carries out fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV), although the detection method does not need to be restricted to electrochemistry. The FSCV is performed at a microcavity having individually addressable gold electrodes, where one serves as working electrode and another as counter/pseudoreference electrode. Five or six droplets of 10 mM [Ru(NH(3))(6)]Cl(3) in 0.1 M KCl were dispensed and allowed to dry, followed by redissolution of the redox species and electrolyte with one or five droplets of water and immediate FSCV, demonstrating the ability to easily concentrate a sample and the reproducibility of redissolution, respectively. Because this approach does not integrate detection with microfluidics on the same chip, it simplifies fabrication of devices for analysis of ultrasmall volumes. It may be useful for single-step and multistep sample preparation, analyses, and bioassays in microarray formats if dispensing and changing of solutions are automated. However, care must be taken to avoid factors that affect the aim of the dispenser, such as drafts and clogging of the nozzle.
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Based on the different levels of solubility of radon gas in organic solvents and water, a bubbling system has been developed to transfer radon gas, dissolving naturally in water samples, to an organic solvent, i.e. olive oil, which is known to be a good solvent of radon gas. The system features the application of a fixed volume of bubbling air by introducing a fixed volume of water into a flask mounted above the system, to displace an identical volume of air from an air cylinder. Thus a gravitational flow of water is provided without the need for pumping. Then, the flushing air (radon-enriched air) is directed through a vial containing olive oil, to achieve deposition of the radon gas by another bubbling process. Following this, the vial (containing olive oil) is measured by direct use of gamma ray spectrometry, without the need of any chemical or physical processing of the samples. Using a standard solution of 226Ra/222Rn, a lowest measurable concentration (LMC) of radon in water samples of 9.4 Bq L(-1) has been achieved (below the maximum contaminant level of 11 Bq L(-1)).