PubMed · 14124965
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T KOLLER, E T RIPPMANN. 1964. [STATISTICAL DATA ON TUBERCULOSIS].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14124965/
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Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne virus that infects 50-100 million people each year. Of these infections, 200,000-500,000 occur as the severe, life-threatening form of the disease, dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF). Large, unanticipated epidemics of DHF often overwhelm health systems. An understanding of the spatial-temporal pattern of DHF incidence would aid the allocation of resources to combat these epidemics. Here we examine the spatial-temporal dynamics of DHF incidence in a data set describing 850,000 infections occurring in 72 provinces of Thailand during the period 1983 to 1997. We use the method of empirical mode decomposition to show the existence of a spatial-temporal travelling wave in the incidence of DHF. We observe this wave in a three-year periodic component of variance, which is thought to reflect host-pathogen population dynamics. The wave emanates from Bangkok, the largest city in Thailand, moving radially at a speed of 148 km per month. This finding provides an important starting point for detecting and characterizing the key processes that contribute to the spatial-temporal dynamics of DHF in Thailand.
BACKGROUND: The frequency of hypospadias is not uniform worldwide. Several countries have reported an increase in its frequency at birth. Although a better ascertainment of the minor forms has been considered as an explanation, the potential effect of environmental endocrine disrupters has also been proposed. We studied the secular trend of hypospadias in Spain over the past 22 years, separating the minor and major forms. METHODS: We used data from the Spanish Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECEMC) registry, analyzing the frequency in two different periods: from 1978 to 1995, and from 1996 to 2002. To evaluate the "step" of the frequency between the two periods, we applied a parametric Student's t-test, and the nonparametric Mann-Whitney rank test. RESULTS: The birth frequency of isolated and total hypospadias was quite stable between 1978 and 1995. In 1996, it decreased dramatically in a step, essentially due to isolated cases with minor forms of hypospadias. Study of the geographical distribution by the 17 Spanish regions showed that the frequency step occurred in nearly all of them. CONCLUSIONS: It is difficult to consider that the observed decrease of the frequency of minor forms of hypospadias could be due to less accurate reporting of these minor forms in all 87 hospitals in the same year without any previous physician agreement. This decrease rather suggests a change in some product or exposure affecting the whole country. We think that the observed change in the frequency cannot be attributable to a lower exposure to endocrine disrupters or the voluntary interruption of gestation.