PubMed · 14116629
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J C DAVID. 1964. CHOLESTEROL.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14116629/
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BACKGROUND: The relation between serum lipids and risk of coronary events has been established, but there are no data demonstrating directly the relation between serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol versus serial changes in coronary plaque dimensions. METHODS AND RESULTS: We performed standard analyses of serial intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) studies of 60 left main coronary arteries obtained 18.3+/-9.4 months apart to evaluate progression and regression of mild atherosclerotic plaques in relation to serum cholesterol levels. Overall, there was (1) a positive linear relation between LDL cholesterol and the annual changes in plaque plus media (P&M) cross-sectional area (CSA) (r=0.41, P<0.0001) with (2) an LDL value of 75 mg/dL as the cutoff when regression analysis predicted on average no annual P&M CSA increase; (3) an inverse relation between HDL cholesterol and annual changes in P&M CSA (r=-0.30, P<0.02); (4) an inverse relation between LDL cholesterol and annual changes in lumen CSA (r=-0.32, P<0.01); and (5) no relation between LDL and HDL cholesterol and the annual changes in total arterial CSA (remodeling). Despite similar baseline IVUS characteristics, patients with an LDL cholesterol level > or =120 mg/dL showed more annual P&M CSA progression and lumen reduction than patients with lower LDL cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS: There is a positive linear relation between LDL cholesterol and annual changes in plaque size, with an LDL value of 75 mg/dL predicting, on average, no plaque progression. HDL cholesterol shows an inverse relation with annual changes in plaque size.
New crown-appended cholesterol-based organogelators 1-3, which have one or two cholesterol skeletons as a chiral aggregate-forming site, two amino groups as an acidic proton binding site, and one crown moiety as a cation binding site, were synthesized, and the gelation ability was evaluated in organic solvents. These gelators could gelatinize several organic solvents under 1.0 wt %, indicating that 1-3 act as a versatile gelator of various organic solvents. We observed CD spectra of the acetic acid or propionic acid gels of 1-3 to characterize the aggregation mode in the organogel system. In the CD spectrum of the acetic acid gel 1, the positive sign for the first Cotton effect indicates that the dipole moments of azobenzene chromophores tend to orient into the clockwise direction. On the other hand, propionic acid gels 2 and 3, bearing only one cholesterol, moiety exhibit a negative sign for the first Cotton effect, strongly suggesting that the dipole moments of the azobenzene chromophores orient into the anticlockwise direction. The TEM images of the 1+acetic acid gel resulted in the helical ribbon and tubular structures. Sol-gel polycondensation of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) was carried out with 1-3 as templates in the gel phase. The silica obtained from the 1+acetic acid gel showed the helical ribbon with 200-1700 nm width and the tubular structure of the silica with constant about 560 nm outer diameter. As far as can be recognized, all the helicity possesses a right-handed helical motif. Since the exciton coupling band of the organogel also shows P (right-handed) helicity, we consider that a microscopic helicity is reflected by a macroscopic helicity. On the other hand, the tubular structure of the silica obtained from the organogels 2 and 3 is somewhat different from that prepared from the organogel 1. The careful examination of SEM and TEM pictures revealed that the tube wall of the silica features a roll-paper-like multilayer structure. Thus, this paper demonstrates successful and rare examples for precise transcription of gel superstructures into inorganic silica materials.
Plant sterols (phytosterols) have been shown to possess serum cholesterol-lowering properties. In recent years, several phytosterol-enriched functional food products have been developed and marketed. Some phytosterol products contain common unsaturated sterols and some contain a subset of phytosterols called phytostanols (saturated sterols, also called plant stanols). Current methods for the quantitative analysis of plant sterols are labor intensive and require sophisticated gas or liquid chromatographs. In this study, a popular commercial spectrophotometric serum cholesterol test kit was evaluated for the analysis of plant sterols. The results indicate that the method could be modified to analyze phytosterols and phytostanols by increasing the incubation time. Both free phytosterols and fatty acyl phytosteryl esters were quantitatively analyzed, but ferulate phytosteryl esters, such as those that are found in corn and other cereals, were not hydrolyzed by the enzymes in the test kit and therefore were not detected.