PubMed · 13767352
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H MARTIN. 1961. Untimely lymph node biopsy.. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9610(61)90679-1
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The Brn-3b POU family transcription factor has previously been shown to be over-expressed in human breast cancer and to enhance the growth rate and anchorage independent growth of human breast cancer cells, acting at least in part by inhibiting the expression of the BRCA-1 anti-oncogene. Here we have used gene arrays to identify several other targets for Brn-3b in human breast cancer cells, including cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4). In particular, we show that levels of CDK4 mRNA and protein correlate with the levels of Brn-3b in breast cancer cell lines manipulated to express different levels of Brn-3b and in human breast cancer biopsies and that Brn-3b can activate the CDK4 promoter. The effect of Brn-3b on the growth regulatory CDK4 protein provides a further mechanism by which Brn-3b can regulate breast cancer cell growth and indicates that it can do this by activating as well as repressing specific target genes.
The amount of lead in the superficial enamel of deciduous teeth from 4- and 5-year-old children was determined by means of an enamel biopsy followed by lead analysis by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Children examined in this study (n=329) attended public preschools in the city of Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. The selection of preschools was based on geographical location: some were located in an industrial area of the city, whereas others were located in an area devoid of industries. The objectives of this study were (1) to test whether enamel biopsies were an appropriate method for lead content population screening in young children; (2) to verify the lead content of superficial enamel of preschool children's deciduous teeth and to compare the results obtained from children exposed to different environments; (3) to analyze how biopsy depth correlated with lead content and affected comparisons between groups. An adhesive tape with a central hole (diameter=1.6 mm) was placed on one of the upper central incisors. Five microliters of 1.6 M l(-1) HCl in 70% glycerol (v/v) were applied to this area for 20 s, followed by a rinse with 5-microl ultrapurified water for 10 s. It was shown that the technique was feasible for population studies on young children. The lead concentration in enamel biopsies from the industrial area children (median: 169 ppm Pb) was significantly higher than that from the children living far from industries (118.1 ppm Pb) (P<0.0001). Analysis of the data showed that biopsies deeper than 3.9 microm gave more reliable results for comparisons between groups. To our knowledge, this study is the first to use an enamel microbiopsy to characterize a large sample of young children in vivo for lead monitoring in teeth.
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