PubMed · 13648534
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A SYLLA. 1958-12-01. [Cold disorders].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13648534/
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Thermostability of a live-attenuated peste des petits ruminants (PPR) vaccine recently developed at Indian Veterinary Research Institute was studied using conventional lyophilization conditions. A total of four stabilizers viz., lactalbumin hydrolysate-sucrose (LS), Weybridge medium (WBM), buffered gelatin-sorbitol (BUGS) and trehalose dihydrate (TD) were used to prepare the lyophilized vaccine. The study revealed that the PPR vaccine lyophilized with either LS or TD is more stable than rest of the stabilizers having an expiry period of at least 45 days (so far studied) at 4 degrees C, 15-19 days at 25 degrees C and 1-2 days at 37 degrees C. However, at a temperature of 45 degrees C, BUGS had a marginal superiority, although lasted for few hours, followed by TD and LS with respect to shelf-life, LS and TD with respect to half-life. On the basis of half-life also LS followed by TD appeared superior at a temperature of 4, 25 and 37 degrees C. Reconstitution of vaccine with distilled water or 1M MgSO(4) or 0.85% NaCl maintained the required virus titre (2.5log(10)TCID(50) per dose) up to 8h at 37 degrees C and 7h at 45 degrees C. Among the three diluents, 1M MgSO(4) appeared to be the better diluent for reconstitution of lyophilized PPR vaccine, as the loss on dilution was lowest and maintain the required virus titre for a longer period. Investigation suggests for using LS as stabilizer for lyophilization and 1M MgSO(4) as vaccine diluent for the newly developed PPR vaccine.
The relationship between soluble peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7; POX) activity and the development of a chilling-related disorder, superficial scald, was studied in three apple fruit (Malus x domestica Borkh.) systems: a White Angel x Rome Beauty population with progeny with different scald susceptibilities; Delicious from three harvests with progressively declining scald susceptibility; and the scald-resistant Idared and the scald-susceptible Law Rome. Differences in incidence and severity of scald in progeny from White Angel x Rome Beauty progeny tended to show relationships with POX activity at harvest, but, overall, associations were not consistent. However, greater scald incidence and lower POX activity were found in less mature Delicious fruit than in later harvested fruit. Also, the scald-resistant Iotadared had a much higher POX activity compared with the scald-susceptible Law Rome. A general hypothesis that POX activity is related to scald susceptibility was generally supported, but exceptions were observed.
We report here the combined use of computational chemistry and low-temperature NMR spectroscopy to probe the mechanism of a highly stereoselective glycosylation reaction employing 2,3-anhydrofuranosyl glycosyl sulfoxides (2 and 4). The reaction involves a two-step process that is carried out in one pot. In the first step, the sulfoxide is reacted with triflic anhydride leading to the formation of a single intermediate. Using NMR spectroscopy, we have established the structure of this intermediate as a glycosyl triflate. In the second step, the acceptor alcohol is added to the reaction mixture, which leads to the highly stereocontrolled formation of the glycoside product. The structure of the major product is consistent with a pathway involving an S(N)2-like displacement of the triflate by the alcohol. In the predominant intermediate that is formed, there is a trans relationship between the triflate group and epoxide. Therefore, in the glycoside product there is a cis relationship between the epoxide and the aglycone. In addition to providing insight into these reaction pathways, these investigations have also allowed us to identify conditions under which the glycosylations can be made to proceed with even greater stereoselectivity and in higher yield.