PubMed · 13592965
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T ONUKTAV. 1958. [Double gallbladder].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13592965/
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PURPOSE: To describe the frequency and magnitude of late GI and GU morbidity in prostate cancer patients treated to high dose levels with a simple three-dimensional conformal technique. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A total of 156 intermediate- and high-risk patients were treated between January 1, 1992 and February 28, 1999 with a simple four-field three-dimensional conformal technique to 79-84 Gy. All patients were treated with a four-field conformal technique; the prostate received 82 Gy and the seminal vesicles and periprostatic tissue 46 Gy. GI and GU toxicity was scored according to the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group/European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Late Morbidity Grading Scale and compared using Kaplan-Meier estimates. RESULTS: The late Grade 2 GI complication rate was 9% and 38% at 3 years for patients treated with and without rectal blocking, respectively (p = 0.0004). No Grade 3 late GI complications developed. The rate of Grade 2 late GU complications was 5%, 8%, and 12% at 12, 24, and 36 months, respectively. The Grade 3 late GU complication rate was 2% at 36 months. These differences were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The treatment method described is a simple four-field conformal technique that can be easily implemented in the general radiation community. A dose of 79-84 Gy can be safely delivered to the prostate, with a 9% rate of late Grade 2 GI, 12% rate of late Grade 2 GU, and 2% rate of late Grade 3 GU complications.
The importance of renal and hepatic gluconeogenesis in glucose homeostasis is well established, but the cellular localization of the key gluconeogenic enzymes liver fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) and cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) in these organs and the potential contribution of other tissues in this process has not been investigated in detail. Therefore, we analyzed the human tissue localization and cellular distribution of FBPase and PEPCK immunohistochemically. The localization analysis demonstrated that FBPase was expressed in many tissues that had not been previously reported to contain FBPase activity (e.g., prostate, ovary, suprarenal cortex, stomach, and heart). In some multicellular tissues, this enzyme was detected in specialized areas such as epithelial cells of the small intestine and prostate or lung pneumocytes II. Interestingly, FBPase was also present in pancreas and cortex cells of the adrenal gland, organs that are involved in the control of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Although similar results were obtained for PEPCK localization, different expression of this enzyme was observed in pancreas, adrenal gland, and pneumocytes type I. These results show that co-expression of FBPase and PEPCK occurs not only in kidney and liver, but also in a variety of organs such as the small intestine, stomach, adrenal gland, testis, and prostate which might also contribute to gluconeogenesis. Our results are consistent with published data on the expression of glucose-6-phosphatase in the human small intestine, providing evidence that this organ may play an important role in the human glucose homeostasis.
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