PubMed · 13566345
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W KOHLER. 1958-07-20. [Expressionless facial features].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13566345/
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Cardiac Vagal Tone has been proposed as a stable biological marker for the ability to sustain attention and regulate emotion [Porges, Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 59 (1994) 167-186]. Vagal tone is a physiological index of parasympathetic nervous system influence on the heart that has predicted a number of emotional behaviors and styles in infants, children, and adults. Little research, however, has sought to explore the link between vagal tone and established variables relating to personality and self-regulation. In this study, vagal tone was collected during 5-min baseline, stress, and recovery periods. Subjects (n = 98) also completed a short form of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale, the Behavioral Activation and Behavioral Inhibition Scales, the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, the Self-Consciousness Scale, and the Openness to Experience subscale of the Five Factor Personality Inventory. Poorer modulation for vagal tone was associated with greater social anxiety, while lower vagal tone across recording periods was associated with greater defensiveness and lower behavioral activation sensitivity.
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OBJECTIVES: To study the influence of the estrogen receptor-alpha (ER-alpha) genotypes (PvuII and XbaI polymorphisms) on symptoms and bone density. METHODS: We recruited 177 post-menopausal women to register hot flashes, vaginal dryness, depression, anxiety, sleep alterations, and serum hormones (FSH, LH, estrone, and estradiol). Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured with a radiographic method, correcting with an external reference. ER-alpha genotyping was carried out by PCR. RESULTS: Scores for vaginal dryness were lower for the xx (P = 0.003), and pp genotypes (P = 0.006). Hot flashes were lower for the Pp (P = 0.006) genotype. FSH circulating levels were lower for Xx genotype (P = 0.036). The factors associated with BMD were estrone (P > 0.000001), estradiol (P = 0.0035) and XbaI (P = 0.035). Vaginal dryness, was associated with PvuII and XbaI polymorphisms (P = 0.037 and P = 0.039). Depression was associated with log(estrone) (P = 0.011), schooling (negatively, P = 0.012), and marginally with BMI (P = 0.066). Sleep alterations correlated with log(estrone) (P = 0.014) and marginally with years since menopause (P = 0.046). Anxiety correlated with schooling (negatively, P = 0.006) and age (p = 0.015), and hot flashes with schooling (negatively, P = 0.014). BMD was associated with log(estrone) (p < 0.000001), estradiol (negatively, P = 0.0036), and marginally with XbaI (P = 0.036). CONCLUSIONS: In post-menopausal women, the ER-alpha polymorphism was associated with vaginal dryness, and hot flashes but not with other physical or emotional symptoms. Extraglandular estrogen production, and diverse molecular factors related to estrogen action may play an important role in this process.