PubMed · 13257848
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E M BRUMEBERG. [Fluorescence microscope].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13257848/
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Vesicles are bilayers of lipid molecules enclosing a fixed volume of aqueous solution. Ubiquitous in cells, they can be produced in vitro to study the physical properties of biological membranes and for use in drug delivery and cosmetics. Biological membranes are, in fact, a fluid mosaic of lipids and other molecules; the richness of their chemical and mechanical properties in vivo is often dictated by an asymmetric distribution of these molecules. Techniques for vesicle preparation have been based on the spontaneous assembly of lipid bilayers, precluding the formation of such asymmetric structures. Partial asymmetry has been achieved only with chemical methods greatly restricting the study of the physical and chemical properties of asymmetric vesicles and their use in potential applications for drug delivery. Here we describe the systematic engineering of unilamellar vesicles assembled with two independently prepared monolayers; this process produces asymmetries as high as 95%. We demonstrate the versatility of our method by investigating the stability of the asymmetry. We also use it to engineer hybrid structures comprised of an inner leaflet of diblock copolymer and an independent lipid outer leaflet.
In penile cancer there is still a diagnostic dilemma between over treatment of lymph node-negative patients and the missing of occult metastases by watchful waiting. In the current study the value of fluorescence diagnosis during radical inguinal lymph node dissection was evaluated. Five patients with penile cancer were elected to undergo groin dissection. All patients received 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) orally before the operation for fluorescence diagnosis. Intraoperatively, fluorescence detection of the lymph nodes was performed by visual detection and spectroscopy. Two of the five patients had positive inguinal lymph nodes. Fluorescence in tumor-bearing tissue was detectable in the exposed lymph nodes. Protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) is accumulated in tumor-positive lymph nodes, making fluorescence diagnosis in penile cancer possible. More studies with higher patient numbers are necessary to evaluate optimal dosage and excitation conditions to detect tumor-bearing nodes in vivo.
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