PubMed · 13174895
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R LICH. 1954. Urine.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13174895/
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BACKGROUND: An exaggerated inflammatory response occurs in the first few days of life in infants who subsequently develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). The increase of inflammatory cytokines in many disease processes is generally balanced by a rise in anti-inflammatory cytokines. Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-13 (IL-13) have been shown to inhibit production of several inflammatory cytokines important in the development of BPD. METHODS: We sought to determine if a correlation exists between the presence or absence of IL-4 and IL-13 in tracheal aspirates (TA) during the first 3 weeks of life and the development of BPD in premature infants. Serial TAs were prospectively obtained from 36 very low birth weight infants and IL-4 and IL-13 concentrations were determined by ELISA. RESULTS: Infants who developed BPD (n = 19) were less mature (25.3 +/- 0.02 wks vs. 27.8 +/- 0.05 wks; p < 0.001), and had lower birth weights (739 +/- 27 g vs.1052 +/- 41 g; p < 0.001). IL-4 and IL-13 were detectable in only 27 of 132 and 9 of 132 samples assayed respectively. Furthermore, the levels detected for IL-4 and IL-13 were very low and did not correlate with the development of BPD. CONCLUSIONS: TA concentrations of IL-4 and IL-13 do not increase significantly during acute lung injury in premature infants.
The broad topic of this paper is the evaluation of DNA evidence in criminal cases. More specifically, we deal with mixture evidence which refers to cases where there are, or could be, several contributors to a biological stain based on, e.g., blood or semen. The present paper addresses DNA mixtures based on single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, i.e., diallelic markers. Based on STR analysis, it is in most cases easy to identify the presence of a mixture since three or four bands will show up with a high probability for at least one locus. Obviously, this will not be the case for diallelic markers and interpreting mixtures will be a great challenge. We address this problem by first approaching the more general problem of estimating the number of contributors to a stain. In addition we discuss how the markers should be selected and how many are required.
To examine effects of lung motion on the separation of pleural surfaces during breathing, we modeled the pleural space in two dimensions as a thin layer of fluid separating a stationary elastic solid and a sliding flat solid surface. The undeformed elastic solid contained a series of bumps, to represent tissue surface features, introducing unevenness in fluid layer thickness. We computed the extent of deformation of the solid as a function of sliding velocity, solid elastic modulus, and bump geometry (wavelength and amplitude). For physiological values of the parameters, significant deformation occurs (i.e. bumps are 'flattened') promoting less variation in fluid thickness and decreased fluid shear stress. In addition, deformation is persistent; bumps of sufficient wavelength, once deformed, require a recovery time longer than a typical breath-to-breath interval to return near their undeformed configuration. These results suggest that in the pleural space during normal breathing, separation of pleural surfaces is promoted by the reciprocating sliding of lung and chest wall.