PubMed · 1312685
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J Green. 1992. Thermography.. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.42.3.701
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UNLABELLED: While the regular and symmetric innervation of the pelvic floor has been regarded as "established" for many years, recent data indicate that asymmetry of innervation of the sphincters may exists and may contribute to the occurrence and severity of incontinence symptoms in case of pelvic floor trauma. METHODS: A systematic review of published papers on asymmetry of sphincter innervation was performed including studies in healthy volunteers and patients with incontinence. 234 consecutive patients with fecal incontinence were investigated by means of side-separated mass surface EMG from the left and right side anal canal, these data were correlated to clinical and anamnestic findings. RESULTS: The literature survey indicates that asymmetry of sphincter innervation exists in a subgroup of healthy male and female volunteers, and may be a risk factor to become incontinent in case of trauma. Patients with incontinence in whom asymmetry of sphincter innervation could be shown more frequently reported a history of pelvic floor trauma during childbirth. Childbirth per se but not the number of deliveries predicted sphincter asymmetry. Asymmetrically innervated sphincters show a compromised sphincter function in routine anorectal manometry. CONCLUSION: Assessment of sphincter innervation asymmetry may be of value in clinical routine testing of patients with incontinence. However, a new technology is needed to replace mass surface EMG by multi-electrode arrays on a sphincter probe. This is one of the goals of the EU-sponsored research project OASIS.
To explore the mechanisms of speech articulation, which is one of the most sophisticated human motor skills controlled by the central nervous system, we investigated the force-generation dynamics of the human speech articulator muscles [orbicularis oris superior (OOS) and inferior (OOI) muscles of the lips]. Short-pulse electrical stimulation (300 micros) with approximately three or four times the sensation threshold intensity of each subject induced the muscle response. The responses of these muscles were modeled as second-order dynamics with a time delay (TD), and the model parameters [natural frequency (NF), damping ratio (DR), and TD] were identified with a nonlinear least mean squares method. The OOS (NF: 6.1 Hz, DR: 0.71, TD: 14.5 ms) and OOI (NF: 6.1 Hz, DR: 0.68, TD: 15.6 ms) showed roughly similar characteristics in eight subjects. The dynamics in the tongue (generated by combined muscles) also showed similar characteristics (NF: 6.1 Hz, DR: 0.68, TD: 17.4 ms) in two subjects. The NF was higher, and the DR was lower than results measured for arm muscles (NF: 4.25 Hz, DR: 1.05, TD: 23.8 ms for triceps long head), indicating that articulatory organs adapt for more rapid movement. In contrast, slower response dynamics was estimated when muscle force data by voluntarily contraction task were used for force-generation dynamics modeling. We discuss methodological problems in estimating muscle dynamics when different kinds of muscle contraction methods are used.
Infection of percutaneous biomaterials implants, such as fixation frames used for the repair of complicated fractures in orthopedics, is a major complication that almost inevitably leads to replacement of the implant. As antibiotic therapy usually has little impact on biomaterial-associated infections, it is the aim of this article to examine whether implant-associated Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus strains could be stimulated to detach from a surgical stainless steel anode during application of an electric current. First, bacteria were allowed to adhere from a flowing suspension of physiological ionic strength in a parallel plate flow chamber to a stainless-steel surface, after which the suspension was replaced by a bacterium-free solution with a specified ionic strength (0.5-150-mM potassium phosphate). DC currents ranging from 15 to 125 microA were applied to induce bacterial detachment. Initial detachment decreased with increasing ionic strength at 100 microA. The percentage detachment achieved by application of an electric current after 2.5 h was highest (95%) in 1-mM potassium phosphate and decreased to 15% when the ionic strength exceeded 40 mM. The electric current did not significantly affect the percentage detachment, but initial detachment rates increased with increasing current from 1000 cm(-2) s(-1) at 15 microA to 7000 cm(-2) s(-1) at 125 microA. Although different isolates of S. epidermidis and S. aureus showed different patterns of current-induced detachment, all strains could be stimulated to detach. The results of this study define ionic-strength conditions and electric currents yielding staphylococcal detachment from surgical stainless steel and therewith point to a pathway for the treatment and prevention of percutaneous metal-implant infection.